Making the Nonprofit Sector in the United States

Introduction: Growth of the Nonprofit Sector in the United States

I. British and Colonial Patterns

One. Colonial Theory: Established Churches
1. Statute of Charitable Uses
2. Elizabethan Poor Law
3. Brother Juan deEscalona, Report to the Viceroy of Mexico on Conditions at Santa Fe, 1601
4. John Winthrop, Model of Christian Charity
5. Virginia General Assembly, Laws Regulating Conduct and Religion
6. Hugh Peter and Thomas Weld, New England's First Fruits
7. Claude Jean Allouz, S.J., Account of the Ceremony Proclaiming New France

Two. Colonial Reality: Religious Diversity
8. Inhabitants of Flushing, Long Island, Remonstrance against the Law against Quakers
9. Roger Greene, Virginia's Cure
10. William Penn, Great Case of Liberty of Conscience
11. Cotton Mather, Bonifacius: Essays to Do Good
12. William Livingston, Argument against Anglican Control of King's College
13. Charles Woodmason, Journal of the Carolina Backcountry
14. Benjamin Franklin, Autobiography: Recollections of Institution-Building

II. American Revolution: Sources of the Nonprofit Sector

Three. To the Constitution: Limited Government and Disestablishment
15. John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon, Cato's Letters: Arguments against a Strong Central Government
16. Isaac Backus, Argument against Taxes for Religious Purposes in Massachusetts
17. Thomas Jefferson, Virginia Act Establishing Religious Freedom
18. James Madison, Federalist, No. 10
19. Constitution of the United States, excerpts, and The First and Tenth Amendments

Four. Voluntarism under the Constitution
20. Lyman Beecher, Autobiographical Statement on the 1818 Disestablishment of the "Standing Order" in Connecticut
21. The Dartmouth College Case: Daniel Webster, Argument before the U.S. Supreme Court; Chief Justice John Marshall, Decision, and Joseph Story, Concurring Opinion
22. Alexis de Tocqueville, Political Associations in the United States, and Of the Use Which Americans Make of Public Associations in Civil Society

III. Uses of Nonprofit Organizations

Five. Varieties of Religious Nonprofits
23. Organized Activity among Slaves: Henry Bibb, Suppression of Religion among Slaves, and Daniel A. Payne, Account of Slave Preachers
24. Robert Baird, Voluntary Principle in American Christianity
25. Peter Dobkin Hall, Institutions, Autonomy, and National Networks
26. Jay P. Dolan, Social Catholicism
27. Arthur A. Goren, Jewish Tradition of Community

Six. Nonprofit Organizations as Alternative Power Structures
28. Suzanne Lebsock, Women Together: Organizations in Antebellum Petersburg, Va.
29. Kathleen D. McCarthy, Parallel Power Structures: Women and the Voluntary Sphere
30. W.E.B. DuBois, Cooperation Among Negro Americans

IV. Nonprofit Structures for the Twentieth Century

Seven. Science, Professionalism, Foundations, Federations
31. Debate over Government Subsidies: Amos G. Warner, Argument against Public Subsidies to American Charities, and Everett P. Wheeler, Unofficial Government of Cities
32. David Rosner, Business at the Bedside: Health Care in Brooklyn, 1890-1915
33. Frederick T. Gates, Address on the Tenth Anniversary of the Rockefeller Institute
34. David C. Hammack, Community Foundations: The Delicate Question of Purpose
35. John R. Seeley et al., Community Chest
36. David L. Sills, March of Dimes: Origins and Prospects

Eight. Federal Regulation and Federal Funds
37. Pierce v. Society of the Sisters: William D. Guthrie and Bernard Hershkopf, Brief for Private Schools, and Justice McReynolds, Decision of the U.S. Supreme Court
38. Debate over a Nonprofit Organization in Mississippi: Senator John Stennis and Attorney Marian Wright, Testimony on the Child Development Group of Mississippi and the Head Start Program
39. Filer Commission, The Third Sector
40. Steven Rathgeb Smith and Michael Lipsky, Political Economy of Nonprofit Revenues
41. Rust v. Sullivan: Chief Justice William Rehnquist, Decision of the U.S. Supreme Court
Index