Reforms for political and economic independence

Essay from the year 2008 in the subject History - Asia, grade: 1,3, Muhlenberg College, course: The Modern Middle East, language: English, abstract: Abdülhamid II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (in office from 1876 to 1909), Muhammad Ali, ruler of Egypt (in office from 1805 to 1848), Mustafa Kemal (in office from 1920 to 1938), the founder of the Turkish Republic, and Reza Shah of Iran (in office f...