Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677) was a philosopher of Sephardic Jewish origin from Amsterdam, who delved into questions of ethics, metaphysics, and anthropology. Spinoza's magnum opus, 'Ethics,' was published posthumously in 1677, and it represents a pinnacle of Enlightenment thought. His works lay the groundwork for the 18th-century Enlightenment and modern biblical criticism. Spinoza wrote in a deduct...