Impressum

Ferdinand von Richthofen, «Über die zentralasiatischen Seidenstrassen bis zum 2. Jahrhundert n. Chr.», Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin 4 (1877), S. 96–122.

Wu Guo u.a., «Early irrigation and agropastoralism at Mohuchahangoukou (MGK), Xinjiang, China», Archaeological Research in Asia 12 (2017), S. 23–32.

«Spy satellites are revealing Afghanistan’s lost empires», Science 358.6369 (2017).

Vgl. etwa Kathryn Franklin, Emily Hammer, «Untangling Palimpsest Landscapes in Conflict Zones: A ‹Remote Survey› in Spin Boldak, Southeast Afghanistan», Journal of Field Archaeology 43.3 (2018), S. 58–73.

Taylor R. Hermes u.a., «Urban and nomadic isotopic niches reveal dietary connectivities along Central Asia’s Silk Roads», Scientific Reports 8.5177 (2018).

Paola Pollegiono u.a., «Ancient Humans Influenced the Current Spatial Genetic Structure of Common Walnut Populations in Asia», Plos One 10.1371 (2015), S. 1–16.

Ranajit Das u.a., «Localizing Ashkenazic Jews to Primeval Villages in the Ancient Iranian Lands of Ashkenaz», Genome Biology and Evolution 8.4 (2016), S. 1132–1149.

Alexander F. More u.a., «Next-generation ice core technology reveals true minimum natural levels of lead (Pb) in the atmosphere: Insights from the Black Death», GeoHealth 1 (2017), S. 211–219.

State Department, Memorandum of Conversation, Byroade to Matthews, «Proposal to Organize a Coup d’état in Iran», 26. November 1952, General Records of the Department of State 1950–54, Central Decimal File 788.00/11–2652.

Strategic Air Command, «Atomic Weapons Requirements Study for 1959», W. Burr (Hg.), National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book Nr. 538.

«Turkey sentences 25 journalists to jail for ‹coup links›», BBC News, 9. März 2018.

Nergis Demirkaya, «Hükümetin 2023 planı: 5 yılda 228 yeni cezaevi», Gazete Duvar, 10. Dezember 2017.

https://news.nike.com/news/kobe-x-silk-shoe-inspired-by-kobe-bryant-s-personal-connections-to-asia-and-europe.

https://www.hermes.com/uk/en/product/poivre-samarcandeeau-de-toilette-V38168/.

Kevin G. Hall, Ben Wieder, «Trump dreamed of his name on towers across former Soviet Union», McClatchy DC Bureau, 28. Juni 2017; Adam Davidson, «Trump’s Business of corruption», New Yorker, 21. August 2017.

«One Belt, One Road» ist der offizielle Slogan der chinesischen Seidenstraßen-Initiative (Anmerkung des Übersetzers).

«2018 год: Туркменистан – сердце Великого Шёлкового пути», Turkmenistan.gov.tm, 2. Januar 2018.

«BP Statistical Review of World Energy», Juni 2017, S. 12, 26.

US Department of Agriculture, «Grain: World Markets and Trade», Juli 2018.

US Geological Survey, «Mineral Commodity Summaries 2017», S. 151, 135.

Alfred W. McCoy, «In the Shadows of the American Century. The Rise and Decline of US Global Power», London 2017, S. 111. Dort lauten die Maße: 500000 acres, 780 square miles, 400000 US football fields.

UN Office on Drugs and Crime, «Afghanistan Opium Survey 2017. Challenges to sustainable development, peace and security», 2018, S. 4; zum Marktwert vgl. https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/drug-trafficking/index.html.

Andrew Gilmour, «Imprisoned, threatened, silenced: Human rights workers across Asia are in danger», Guardian, 18. Mai 2018. Vgl. auch Freedom House, «Freedom of the Press 2017», April 2017.

Asian Development Bank, «Asia 2050. Realizing the Asian Century», 2011, S. 3.

PricewaterhouseCoopers, «The World in 2050. Will the shift in global economic power continue?», 2015, S. 11.

George Magnus, «Red Flags. Why Xi’s China is in Jeopardy», London 2018, S. 117.

IWF, «People’s Republic of China: 2017 Article IV Consultation», Pressemitteilung, 8. August 2017.

«A Fifth of China’s Homes Are Empty. That’s 50 Million Apartments», Bloomberg, 8. November 2018.

Vgl. Lisa Yiu, Lao Yun, «China’s Rural Education: Chinese Migrant Children and Left-Behind Children», Chinese Education and Society 50 (2017), S. 307–314; Lake Lui, «Gender, Rural-Urban Inequality and Intermarriage in China», Social Forces 95.2 (2016), S. 639–662.

«The President’s News Conference with President Boris Yeltsin of Russia in Vancouver, 4 April 1993», Public Papers of the President of the United States, William J. Clinton, 20. Januar bis 21. Juli 1993, S. 393.

https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1993/press.html.

Agence France-Presse, «Forgiveness gesture in accepting Nobel prize», 9. Dezember 2013.

Joint Statement of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and the United States of America, New York, 11. Juni 1993, http://nautilus.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/CanKor_VTK_1993_06_11_joint_statement_dprk_usa.pdf.

Fareed Zakaria, «Give South Korea a gold medal», Washington Post, 8. Februar 2018.

United Nations Peacemaker, «Agreement on the Maintenance of Peace along the Line of Actual Control in the India-China Border», 7. September 1993.

Geremie Barmé, «Red Rising, Red Eclipse. China Story Yearbook 2012», https://www.thechinastory.org/yearbooks/yearbook-2012/; J. Gewirtz, «Unlikely Partners. Chinese Reformers, Western Economists, and the Making of Global China», Cambridge, MA 2017, S. 245ff.

S. V. Krishnamachari, «How Rs 950 invested in Infosys in 1993 IPO is now worth over Rs 50 lakh», International Business Times, 9. Juni 2017.

Weitere Informationen über Qatar Airways findet man unter https://www.qatarairways.com/en/about-qatar-airways.html.

«Qatar Airways signs MoU to buy 25 % stake in Moscow’s Vnukovo Airport», Gulf Times, 4. April 2018.

Simon Hoggart, Paul Routledge, «Major hits out at Cabinet», Guardian, 25. Juli 1993.

FIFA, «History of Football – The Origins», http://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/who-we-are/the-game/index.html.

«‹Arsenal fans› group set to urge Alisher Usmanov not to sell his shares to Stan Kroenke», The Independent, 4. Oktober 2017.

Cinzia Sicca, Alison Yarrington, «The Lustrous Trade. Material Culture and the History of Sculpture in England and Italy, c. 1700–1860», London 2001.

Charles Thompson, «The Travels of the Late Charles Thompson», 3 Bde., Reading 1744, Bd. 1, S. 67.

World Bank, «From local to global: China’s role in global poverty reduction and the future of development», 7. Dezember 2017.

Niall Ferguson, Xiang Xu, «Make Chimerica Great Again», Hoover Institution Economic Working Paper 18105, 3. Mai 2018, S. 11.

Julien Girault, «Hu Keqin: ‹Nous prenons un soin extrême de nos terres›, en France», Le Point, 23. Februar 2018.

Sylvia Wu, «China Wine Imports: Australia and Georgia taking a leap», Decanter, 5. Februar 2018.

Adam Sage, «Bordeaux whines as rich Chinese give lucky names to old châteaux», The Times, 23. November 2017; Natalie Wang, «Bordeaux wary of rich Chinese changing estates’ names», The Drinks Business, 30. November 2017.

IATA, «20 Year Passenger Forecast. Update», 24. Oktober 2017.

Aaron Chong, «Boeing sees demand for 500,000 new pilots in Asia-Pacific», FlightGlobal, 7. Dezember 2016.

Australian and International Pilots Association, «Australian pilots land $750,000 in China», 28. Dezember 2017.

Richard Weiss, «Pilot Shortage Forces World’s Biggest Long-Haul Airline to Cut Flights», Bloomberg, 11. April 2018.

Wolfgang Georg Arlt, «China’s Outbound Tourism», London 2006, S. 19.

United Nations World Tourism Organization, «Strong outbound tourism demand from both traditional and emerging markets in 2017», Pressetext vom 23. April 2018.

CLSA, «Chinese Outbound Tourism – New 2017 report», 19. Juli 2017. Zu Schätzungen der Zahl chinesischer Reisepassinhaber vgl. Goldman Sachs, «The Asian Consumer. The Chinese Tourist Boom», November 2015.

The Donkey Sanctuary, «Under the Skin. The emerging trade in donkey skins and its implications for donkey welfare and livelihoods», Januar 2017.

«Niger bans the export of donkeys after Asian demand», BBC News, 6. September 2016; Media Group Tajikistan Asia Plus, «Donkey market booms in Tajikistan», 4. Januar 2017.

Kimon de Greef, «Rush for Donkey Skins in China Draws Wildlife Traffickers», National Geographic, 22. September 2017.

Filipa Sá, «The Effect of Foreign Investors on Local Housing Markets: Evidence from the UK», CEPR Discussion Paper Nr. DP11658, 2016, S. 1–43.

Emanuele Midolo, «Russian investors: Welcome to Londongrad», Propertyweek, 13. April 2018.

Yuan Yang, Emily Feng «China’s buyers defy the law to satisfy thirst for foreign homes», Financial Times, 13. März 2018.

Esha Vaish, Dasha Afansieva, «Hong Kong property investors go trophy hunting in London despite Brexit», Reuters, 21. August 2017.

Matt Sheehan, «How Chinese Real Estate Money is Transforming the San Francisco Bay Area», MacroPolo, 22. August 2017; Dominique Fong, Rachel Pannett, Paul Vieira, «Western Cities Want to Slow Flood of Chinese Home Buying. Nothing Works», Wall Street Journal, 6. Juni 2018.

Dinçer Gökçe, «Kiler, Sapphire’de 47 daire birden sattı», Hürriyet, 21. Februar 2017.

Faseeh Mangi, «135 Million Millennials Drive World’s Fastest Retail Market», Bloomberg, 28. September 2017.

Euromonitor International, «10 Facts about India», 12. Januar 2014. Zur Einkommensverlagerung hin zu den Spitzenverdienern vgl. L. Chancel, T. Piketty, «Indian income inequality, 1922–2015: From British Raj to Billionaire Raj?», WID.world [World Inequality Database] Working Paper Series Nr. 2017/11.

Boston Consulting Group, «The New Indian: The Many Facets of a Changing Customer», März 2017.

Bain & Co, «Luxury Goods Worldwide Market Study, Fall–Winter 2017», 22. Dezember 2017; Yiling Pan, «Luxury Spending to Double in China Over Next 10 Years, Says McKinsey», Jing Daily, 15. Juni 2017.

CPP Luxury, «Prada Group opens seven stores in Xi’an, China», 25. Mai 2018.

Astrid Wendlandt, «Chanel snaps up four companies to secure high-end silk supplies», Reuters, 22. Juli 2016; Yiling Pan, «China Wants Fewer Burberry and BV Handbags, More Chanel and Hermès», Jing Daily, 23. April 2018.

Angelica LaVito, «Starbucks is opening a store in China every 15 hours», South China Morning Post, 6. Dezember 2017.

Cleofe Maceda, «UAE’s residents’ luxury goods spending to reach more than $8 billion in 2017», Gulf News, 20. November 2017.

Associated Press, «China’s new baby policy lifts stocks, sinks condom maker», 30. Oktober 2015.

Credit Suisse, «Spotlighting China’s new two child policy», 30. Oktober 2015.

«Dolce and Gabbana’s racism debacle in China could be one of the costliest brand missteps ever», Quartz, 26. November 2018.

Zhong Sheng, «人民日报钟声：中国公民合法、正当权益不容侵犯», People’s Daily, 9. Dezember 2018.

Leyland Cecco, «Canada Goose shares slide amid Beijing-Ottawa row over Huawei CFO arrest», Guardian, 12. Dezember 2018.

CLSA, «Chinese Outbound Tourism – New 2017 report», 19. Juli 2017.

World Bank, Statistik zum jährlichen Wachstum des Bruttoinlandsprodukts (in Prozent): https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG.

Wouter Baan u.a., «Double-clicking on the Chinese consumer. 2017 China Consumer Report», McKinsey & Company, 2017.

Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board, «Bengaluru Water Supply and Sewerage Project (Phase 3) in the State of Karnataka, India. Final Report», 2017; «Water Crisis: Is Bengaluru heading for Day Zero», Times of India, 13. Februar 2018.

Vgl. zu Russland Orlando Figes, «A People’s Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924», London 1996, S. 84ff., bes. 111–115 (dt. «Russland. Die Tragödie eines Volkes», übers. von Barbara Conrad, Berlin 1998); zur Türkei Michael M. Gunter, «Political Instability in Turkey During the 1970s», Conflict Quarterly 9.1 (1989), S. 63–77; Sabri Sayari, «Political Violence and Terrorism in Turkey, 1976–80: A Retrospective Analysis», Terrorism and Political Violence 22.2 (2010), S. 198–215.

Vgl. z.B. Ronak Patel, Frederick Burkle, «Rapid Urbanization and the Growing Threat of Violence and Conflict: A 21st Century Crisis», Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 27.2 (2012), S. 194–197.

UN Human Settlements Programme (UN Habitat), «Urbanization and Development: Emerging Futures. World Cities Report 2016», S. 5.

Amnesty International, «Saudi Arabia: Reports of torture and sexual harassment of detained activists», 20. November 2018.

Warren P. Strobel, «CIA Intercepts Underpin Assessment Saudi Crown Prince Targeted Khashoggi», Wall Street Journal, 1. Dezember 2018.

Abdullah bin Zayid Al Nahyan, «In the Middle East, momentum for women must pick up speed», Globe and Mail, 30. Mai 2018; «UAE rights activist Ahmed Mansoor sentenced to 10 years in prison», Al-Jazeera, 30. Mai 2018.

State Council of China, «China looks to regulate city growth», 22. Februar 2016.

Adam Schreck, «Isolation by the West fuels a tech start-up boom in Iran», Phys. Org, 5. Juni 2017.

Techrasa Pressemitteilung, «Silk Roads Start-up Announces Irmas’ Top 10 Startups», 5. November 2017.

Eine nützliche Infografik dazu findet sich unter https://www.statista.com/chart/10012/fintech-adoption-rates/.

Evelyn Cheng, «How Ant Financial grew larger than Goldman Sachs», CNBC, 8. Juni 2018.

Shrutika Verma, «Paytm valuation pegged at $10 billion after secondary share sale», Livemint, 23. Januar 2018.

Vgl. z.B. Indikator.ru, «Предприниматели стали меньше финансировать науку», 2. November 2017.

United States Senate Committee on Armed Services, «Advance Policy Questions for Lieutenant General Paul Nakasone, ISA Nominee for Commander, US Cyber Command», 1. März 2018.

Pavel Kantyshev, «Путин предложил госкомпаниям закупать российский софт», Vedemosti, 30. März 2016.

US Computer Emergency Readiness Team, Alert (TA18-106A), «Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices», 16. April 2018.

Vgl. z.B. Sergei Brilev, «Хочется плакать»: вирус атаковал Минздрав, МЧС, МВД, РЖД, ‹Сбербанк› и ‹Мегафон›, Vesti.ru, 13. Mai 2017.

«Клименко объяснил слова главы Роскомнадзора о «блокировке Facebook», Novosti, 26. September 2017.

Curt Devine, Drew Griffin, Donie O’Sullivan, «Russian company had access to Facebook user data through apps», CNN Tech, 11. Juli 2018.

Nachrichtenagentur Interfaks, «Роскомнадзор будет блокировать инструменты для обхода запрета на Telegram по запросу», 16. April 2018.

Vgl. Ella George, «Purges and Paranoia», London Review of Books 40.10 (2018), S. 22–32; «Turkish govt’ ready to block ‹abnormal› social media messages on election day», Turkish Minute, 26. Mai 2018.

Sarah Zheng, «Beijing tries to pull the plug on VPNs in internet ‹clean-up›», South China Morning Post, 13. Juli 2017.

Vgl. dazu Peter Frankopan, «Licht aus dem Osten. Eine neue Geschichte der Welt», Berlin 2016, S. 294ff.

Madeleine Albright, «Will We Stop Trump Before It’s Too Late», New York Times, 8. April 2018.

Jason Blevins, «Donald Trump, in Grand Junction, says he will ‹drain the swamp in Washington, D.C.›», Denver Post, 18. Oktober 2016.

Jonathan Swan, «Trump calls for ‹hell of a lot worse than waterboarding›», The Hill, 6. Februar 2016.

Alexandra Jaffe, Cassandra Vinograd, «Donald Trump in Indiana Says China is ‹Raping› America», CNBC, 2. Mai 2016.

White House, «Presidential Memorandum Regarding Withdrawal of the United States from the TransPacific Partnership Negotiations and Agreement», 23. Januar 2017.

White House, «Statement by President Trump on the Paris Climate Accord», 1. Juni 2017.

White House, «Executive Order Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States», 27. Januar 2017.

White House, «Remarks by President Trump on the Policy of the United States Towards Cuba», 16. Juni 2017.

Shawn Donnan, «Is there political method in Donald Trump’s trade madness», Financial Times, 23. März 2018.

http://www.europarl.europa.eu/resources/library/media/20180411RES01553/20180411RES01553.pdf.

Reuters, «EU is not at war with Poland, says EU’s Juncker», 17. Januar 2018.

Agence France-Presse, «Italy threatens EU funding in migrant row», 25. August 2018.

«Boris Johnson: EU tariffs would be ‹insane›, if UK backs Brexit», The Herald, 21. Juni 2016.

«Liam Fox warning of customs union ‹sellout›», BBC News, 27. Februar 2018; Chloe Farand, «UK government post-Brexit plans to create Africa freetrade zone are being internally branded ‹Empire 2.0›», Independent, 6. März 2017.

UK Prime Minister’s Office, «PM: UK should become the global leader in free trade», Pressemitteilung, 4. September 2016.

Association of Southeast Asian Nations, http://asean.org/?static_post=rcep-regional-comprehensive-economic-partnership; Yasuyuki Sawada, zitiert in: Asian Development Bank, «International Financing Review Asia. Special Report: Growing up Fast», 2018, S. 9.

«В Туркменистане открыт новый железнодорожный мост Туркменабат – Фараб», Turkmenistan.ru, 7. März 2017.

«CTSO to help Tajikistan to reinforce its border with Afghanistan», AKIPress, 11. Juni 2018; «Состоялась первая встреча глав оборонных ведомств Кыргызстана и Узбекистана», Novosti Radio Azattyk, 13. Juni 2018.

Dana Omirgazy, «Shymkent hosts first Kazakh-Uzbek business forum», Astana Times, 25. Mai 2018.

Uzbekistan National News Agency, «The Year of Uzbekistan in Kazakhstan and the Year of Kazakhstan in Uzbekistan will be held», Pressemitteilung, 16. September 2017.

«Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan: dynamic development of cooperation based on friendship and brotherhood», Uzbekistan National News Agency, 2. März 2018.

«Trade turnover between Uzbekistan and Tajikistan doubles», AzerNews, 22. Juni 2018.

«Grounds Paved for Long-Lasting Cooperation between Iran, Azerbaijan: Official», Tasnim News Agency, 4. Juni 2018.

«Afghanistan, Tajikistan sign two co-operation accords», Pahjwok Afghan News, 24. Juni 2018.

Simon Parani, «Let’s not exaggerate: Southern Gas Corridor prospects to 2030», Oxford Institute for Energy Studies Paper NG 135, Juli 2018.

Fawad Yousafzai, «Work on CASA-1000 power project in full swing: Tajik diplomat», The Nation, 19. Juli 2018.

«Kyrgyzstan keen to improve bilateral trade with Pakistan: Envoy», Dispatch News Desk, 10. Mai 2018.

«ЕАЭС и Иран завершают подготовку соглашения о зоне свободной торговли», TASS, 9. April 2018.

Nicholas Trickett, «Reforming Customs, Uzbekistan Nods Towards the Eurasian Economic Union», The Diplomat, 26. April 2018.

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, «President of Uzbekistan calls to develop reliable mechanisms of co-operation in Central Asia at the international conference in Samarkand», 10. November 2017.

Vgl. z.B. Madina Igimbayeva u.a., «Territorial and Border Issues in Central Asia: Analysis of the Reasons, Current State and Perspectives», The Anthropologist 22.3 (2015), S. 518–525; International Crisis Group, «Central Asia: Border Disputes and Conflict Potential», Asia Report 33 (2002).

Ein Entwurf des Abkommens findet sich in Kommersant, «Море для своих Пять стран договорились о разделе Каспия», 23. Juni 2018.

Bruce Pannier, «A Landmark Caspian Agreement – and What It Resolves», Qishloq Ovozi, 9. August 2018.

«Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan agree to swap land on border», Interfax, 14. August 2018.

«Kazakhstan resolves all Central Asian border issues, announces Kazakh President», Astana Times, 20. April 2018.

Virpi Stucki u.a., «Water and Security in Central Asia. Solving a Rubik’s Cube», New York 2014; Suzanne Jensen, Z. Mazhitova, Rolf Zetterström, «Environmental pollution and child health in the Aral Sea region in Kazakhstan», Science of the Total Environment 206.2-3 (1997), S. 187–193.

«Соляная буря превысила допустимую концентрацию пыли на северозападе Узбекистана в шесть раз», Fergana Informationnov agentstvo, 27. Mai 2018; «Белая пыль неизвестного происхождения накрыла столицу Туркмении», RIA Novosti, 28. Mai 2018.

Matt Warren, «Once Written Off for Dead, the Aral Sea Is Now Full of Life», National Geographic, 16. März 2018.

United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, «Drought grips large parts of Afghanistan», 6. Juni 2018.

Ben Farmer, Akhtar Makoli, «Afghanistan faces worst drought in decades, as UN warns 1.4 million people need help», The Kabul Times, 25. Juli 2018.

Igor Severskiy, «Water related problems of Central Asia: some results of the (GIWA) international water assessment program», Ambio 33 (2004), S. 52–62.

Ronny Berndtsson, Kamshat Tussupova, Albek Zhupankhan, «Water in Kazakhstan, a key Central Asian water management», Hydrological Sciences Journal 63.5 (2018), S. 752–762.

F.M. Shakil, «New Indian dam threatens to parch Pakistan», Asia Times, 28. Mai 2018.

Khalid Mustafa, «India out to damage Pakistan’s water interests on Kabul river», The News, 5. Juni 2016; Jehangir Khattak, «Pakistan’s unfolding water disaster», Daily Times, 2. Juni 2018; Nirupama Subramanian, «In Kishanganga dam security, more than Pakistan shelling, sabotage a concern», Indian Express, 23. Mai 2018.

Hongkai Gao u.a., «Modelling glacier variation and its impact on water resources in the Urumqi Glacier No. 1 in Central Asia», Science of the Total Environment 844 (2018), S. 1160–1170.

Babak Dehghanpisheh, «Water crisis spurs protests in Iran», Reuters, 29. März 2018; Shashank Bengali, Ramin Mostaghim, «A long-simmering factor in Iran protests: climate change», Los Angeles Times, 17. Januar 2018.

«Persian New Year 1397; Support for Iranian Products», Khamenei.ir, 20. März 2018.

«Water shortage hits Iran’s hydroelectric power plants», Trend News Agency, 4. Juni 2018.

«Afghanistan Committed to Supplying Iran’s Water Share, Zarif Says», Tasnim News Agency, 6. Mai 2018.

«Address by HE Mr Shavkat Mirziyoyev, President of the Republic of Uzbekistan at the General Debate of the 72nd Session of the United Nations General Assembly», 19. September 2017. Der komplette Text der Rede findet sich unter https://www.un.int/uzbekistan/statements_speeches/addresshe-mr-shavkat-mirziyoyev-president-republic-uzbekistanunga-72.

Human Rights Watch Report, «Uzbekistan: A Year into New Presidency, Cautious Hope for Change», 25. Oktober 2017; Human Rights Watch Report, «Time to Seek Hard Commitments on Uzbekistan’s Human Right Record», 9. Mai 2018.

Committee to Protect Journalists, «Uzbekistan releases remaining jailed journalists», 7. Mai 2018.

Freedom House, «Uzbekistan: the Year After», August 2017.

Andrew Higgins, «As Authoritarianism Spreads, Uzbekistan Goes the Other Way», New York Times, 1. April 2018; «A Hopeful Moment for Uzbekistan», New York Times, 13. April 2018.

Human Rights Watch, «US: Focus on Rights as Uzbek Leader Visits», 15. Mai 2018.

Luca Anceschi, «Modernising authoritarianism in Uzbekistan», Open Democracy, 9. Juli 2018.

«Ashgabat and Dushanbe hold talks on consular issues», Trend News Agency, 20. April 2018.

Turkmen Petroleum, «‹Узбекнефтегаз› о планах работы на морских шельфах в Азербайджане и Туркменистане», 27. Juni 2017.

«Train service linking Baku-Tbilisi-Kars launched», Anadolu Agency, 30. Oktober 2017; «First freight train from China arrives in Iran in ‹Silk Road› boost: media», Reuters, 16. Februar 2016; «First China-Britain freight train reaches London», Xinhua, 18. Januar 2017.

«Iran-Kazakhstan transit potentials complementary: Pres. Rouhani», News Agency, 12. August 2018.

Außenministerium der Russischen Föderation, «Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov’s remarks and answers», 7. April 2016.

«India-Iran-Russia resume talks on activating key trade corridor», Financial Express, 7. April 2018.

P. Stoban, «India Gears Up to Enter the Eurasian Integration Path», Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, 7. Juni 2017.

Vgl. Mohsen Shariatinia in «Sanctions threaten Iran’s dream of becoming Eurasian transport hub», AL-Monitor, 20. Juli 2018, https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2018/07/iran-instc-north-south-transport-corridor-chabahar-astara.html.

«You could soon travel visafree to Kazakhstan from Oman», Times of Oman, 8. Mai 2018.

«Silk Visa to be launched in early 2019», Kazinform, 21. Dezember 2018.

Kamila Aliyeva, «Five Nations agree to create Lapis Lazuli transport corridor», AzerNews, 15. November 2017.

Dispatch Daily News, «Turkmenistan will build Ashgabat-Turkmenabat Autobahn», 19. Juni 2018. https://uzbekistan.tmembassy.gov.tm/en/news/14127.

«Turkmenistan’s new $1.5 billion port; Show over substance», Eurasianet, 3. Mai 2018.

Туркменистан сегодня, «Морская гавань Туркменбаши отмечена международными наградами», 2. Mai 2018.

«Ashgabat enters Guinness Book of World Records as most white-marble city», Turkmenistan.ru, 26. Mai 2013. Eine Zusammenfassung aller turkmenischen Weltrekorde findet sich unter https://www.turkmenistankultur.at/oesterreich739-guinness-book.html.

«Azǝrbayçan, İran vǝ Rusiya elektroenergetika sistemlǝrinin birlǝşdirilmǝsi üzrǝ işçi qrup yaradacaq», Azǝri-Press Agentliyi, 26. April 2018.

Rashid Shirinov, «Azerbaijan, Iran sign agreement on electricity sale», AzerNews, 13. April 2018.

«Rail freight transport in Iran up 55 %», Tehran Times, 14. August 2017.

«Iran’s transit revenues up by 20 %», Iran Daily, 10. April 2018.

«Turkey, Kazakhstan look to boost ties ‹in all areas›», Anadolu Agency, 19. April 2018.

Außenministerium der Republik Kasachstan, «Chairman and judges to Astana International Financial Centre Court take oath», 7. Dezember 2017.

«Bonhomie marks opening of TAPI gas pipeline», Dawn, 24. Februar 2018.

«Reports: Pakistan pushes through accelerated plan for TAPI», Eurasianet, 2. Mai 2018.

«Taliban announce stout support for TAPI gas pipeline project», The Pashtun Times, 23. Februar 2018.

Anisa Shaheed, «Taliban Discussing Peace Offer, says Former Member», ToloNews, 11. April 2018.

Vgl. z.B. «Представители Узбекистана провели рабочие встречи с движением Талибан», UzDaily, 18. Juni 2018.

«NATO Backs Afghan Leaders’ Offer of Talks With the Taliban», Associated Press, 27. April 2018.

US-Verteidigungsministerium, «Department of Defense Press Briefing by General Nicholson via teleconference from Kabul, Afghanistan, 22 August 2018».

US-Außenministerium, Office of Inspector General, «Operation Freedom’s Sentinel: Report to the United States Congress, January 1 2018 – March 31 2018».

Bob Woodward, «Furcht. Trump im Weißen Haus», Reinbek bei Hamburg 2018, S. 293.

Gordon Lubold, Jessica Donati, «Trump Orders Big Troop Reduction in Afghanistan», Wall Street Journal, 20. Dezember 2018.

US Geological Survey, «Preliminary Assessment of Non-Fuel Mineral Resources of Afghanistan, 2007», Oktober 2007.

Global Witness, «War in the Treasury of the People. Afghanistan, lapis lazuli and the battle for mineral wealth», Mai 2016.

Global Witness, «Talc: The Everyday Mineral Funding Afghan Insurgents. How talc from Afghanistan’s opaque and poorly regulated mining sector is helping fuel the Islamic State and Taliban», Mai 2018.

Uran Botobekov, «ISIS Uses Central Asians for Suicide Missions», The Diplomat, 1. Dezember 2016; Edward Lemon, «Pathways to Violent Extremism: Evidence for Tajik recruits to Islamic State», Harriman Magazine, Sommer 2018, Columbia University New York.

Mohammed Elshimi u.a., «Understanding the Factors Contributing to Radicalisation Among Central Asian Labour Migrants in Russia», Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies, Occasional Papers, 2018.

Fikret Dolukhanov, «Uzbekistan, Tajikistan to hold joint military drills for first time», Trend News Agency, 18. April 2018; «Россия и Узбекистан дали старт совместному антитеррористическому учению», TASS, 4. Oktober 2017; Fakhir Rizvi, «China, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan to conduct joint Counter-terrorism Exercise», Urdu Point, 26. April 2018.

Ein in der Zeitung «Hindustan Times» zitierter Sprecher des indischen Verteidigungsministeriums, «India, Kazakhstan armies begin joint military exercises in Himchal Pradesh», 2. November 2017.

«Более трех тысяч военных примут участие в учениях ШОС ‹Мирная миссия – 2018› на Урале», TASS, 4. Juni 2018.

Dipanjan Roy Chaudhury, «First joint military drills for India and Pakistan courtesy SCO», Economic Times, 9. Juni 2018.

«Iran, Pakistan to share border or peace, friendship: Pakistani Army», PressTV, 29. Dezember 2017; «Iran, Pakistan determined to boost border security», News Agency, 12. März 2018. Zur Einbestellung des iranischen Botschafters in Pakistan vgl. «Iran threatens to hit ‹terror safe havens› in Pakistan», Al-Jazeera, 9. Mai 2017.

«Iran Welcomes Gas Swap Deals with Turkmenistan», Financial Tribune, 3. April 2018; «Turkmenistan, Iran, to take gas dispute to intl. Arbitration», Iran Daily, 5. Dezember 2017.

«Turkmenistan lodges lawsuit against Iran in International Court of Arbitration», AKIPress, 17. August 2018.

«Бердымухамедов вызвал к себе руководство компании, строившей ашхабадский аэропорт из-за дефекта здания», Ozodlik, 13. Januar 2017.

Bruce Pannier, «Good News for Uzbekistan Is Not Good News for Turkmenistan», Qishloq Ovozi, 25. April 2018; «В Туркменистане дорожают лекарства, ощущается дефицит», Radio Azatlyk, 27. Juli 2018.

IWF (IMF), «Opening Up in the Caucasus and Central Asia. Policy Frameworks to Support Regional and Global Integration», Juli 2018.

Jason Holland, «Turkmenistan opens US $2.25 billion airport with 1,100 sqm of duty-free and retail space», The Moodie Davitt Report, 14. Oktober 2016.

«Бердымухамедов вызвал к себе руководство компании, строившей ашхабадский аэропорт из-за дефекта здания», Озодлик, 13. Januar 2017.

«Ниже уровня толчка. В Гумдаге полиция занялась туалетами и мусорными свалками», Альтернативные новости Туркменистана, 21. Mai 2018.

Attracta Mooney, «Kazakh sovereign wealth fund is latest victim of oil price fall», Financial Times, 8. Januar 2016.

Edward Robinson, «Bank’s $4 Billion Fraud Allegations Return to London Courtroom», Bloomberg, 20. November 2017.

Max Seddon, Lionel Barber, Kathrin Hille, «Elvira Nabiullina shuts down Russia’s banking ‹banditry›», Financial Times, 19. Oktober 2016.

«Taliban pledge protection as construction starts on Afghan part of TAPI pipeline», BNE Intellinews, 26. Februar 2018.

Bruce Pannier, «Why Didn’t Turkmen, Uzbek Leaders Mention ‹Line D› to China?», Qishloq Ovozi, 27. April 2018.

«Tajik Muslim Leader Declares Boxing, Other Sports Forbidden», RadioFreeEurope, 1. Juni 2018.

«Tajikistan slaps restrictions on imports from Uzbekistan», Eurasianet, 6. Juli 2018.

Mullorachab Yusyfi, «Тақозо аз додситонӣ: ‹Қарори вазорати маорифро бекор кунед›», Radio Ozodi, 26. Juni 2018.

«Туркменистан: не достигшие тридцатилетия мужчины не будут допущены к зарубежным поездкам», Radio Azatlyk, 16. April 2018.

«New Fronts, Brave Voices. Press Freedom in South Asia 2016–2017», IFJ Press Freedom Report for South Asia, 2016–2017; «Another journalist targeted», Daily Times, 23. Juni 2018; Raju Gopalakrishnan, «Indian journalists say they are intimidated, ostracised if they criticise Modi and the BJP», Reuters, 26. April 2018.

«Kazakh police detain dozens at anti-government rally», Reuters, 9. Mai 2018; Joanna Lillis, «Is Kazakhstan’s political opposition creeping back?», Eurasianet, 24. Mai 2018.

Artemy Kalinovsky, «Central Asia’s Precarious Path to Development», Foreign Affairs, 2. August 2018.

«Internet grinds to a near-halt in Tajikistan», Eurasianet, 6. August 2018.

Catherine Putz, «From Bad to Worse: Press Freedom in Eurasia Continues to Decline», The Diplomat, 26. April 2018.

Zu den Schwierigkeiten, eine Balance zwischen widerstreitenden Ansichten zu Zentralasien zu finden, vgl. z.B. Paul Goble, «A Year in Review: More Problems, More Reforms, More Cooperation for Central Asia in 2017», Eurasia Daily Monitor 15.4 (2018).

IWF (IMF), «Islamic Republic of Iran, IMF Country Report 18/93», 2018.

«Iran currency hits record low, crashing through 50,000 rial to the US dollar», The Times of Israel, 28. März 2018.

«Six charts that explain the Iran protests», BBC News, 4. Januar 2018.

Vgl. Karim Sadjadpour, «The Battle for Iran», The Atlantic, 31. Dezember 2017; Najmeh Bozorgmehr, «Iran’s disillusioned youth spare no one in display of anger», Financial Times, 2. Januar 2018.

Donald Trump, Tweet vom 1. Januar 2018.

Brent D. Griffiths, «Giuliani: Trump is ‹committed to› regime change in Iran», Politico, 5. Mai 2018.

«Full text of speech by Rudy Giuliani at Grand Gathering 2018», Iran Probe, 5. Juli 2018. Diese Versammlung der Exiliraner fand in Paris statt; vgl. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yw8pEYlTa5A.

White House, «Remarks by President Trump on the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action», 8. Mai 2018.

International Atomic Energy Agency, «Verification and monitoring in the Islamic Republic of Iran in light of United Nations Security Council resolution 2231 (2015)», 22. Februar 2018.

White House, «Remarks by LTG H.R. McMaster at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Simon-Skjodt Center – ‹Syria, Is the Worst Yet to Come?›», 15. März 2018, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-ltg-h-r-mcmaster-united-states-holocaust-memorialmuseum-simon-skjodt-center-syria-worst-yet-come/.

Jeffrey Goldberg, «Saudi Crown Prince: Iran’s Supreme Leader ‹Makes Hitler Look Good›», The Atlantic, 2. April 2018.

«Iran hits back over Saudi’s prince’s ‹Hitler› comment», BBC News, 24. November 2017.

«Mohammad bin Salman’s full interview», Al Arabiya, 3. Mai 2017.

«Iran warns Saudi Arabia after prince’s ‹battle’ comments›», Middle East Eye, 8. Mai 2017.

«After Crown Prince Recognizes Israel’s Right to Exist, Saudi King Reiterates Support for Palestinians», Haaretz, 4. April 2018.

Raf Sanchez, «Saudi Arabia ‹doesn’t care› about the Palestinians as long as it can make a deal with Israel against Iran, says former Netanyahu advisor», Daily Telegraph, 25. November 2017.

«Israel welcomes Saudi mufti’s pro-Israel remarks, invites him to visit the country», Daily Sabah, 14. November 2017.

Anshel Pfeffer, «Israeli minister confirms ‹secret› Saudi talks», The Times, 21. November 2017.

«Arab nations slam Israel’s ‹racist, discriminatory› Jewish nation-state law», Times of Israel, 21. Juli 2018; Times of Israel, «High Court said to advise El Al to drop suit over Saudi route to India», 22. Juli 2018.

Amir Tibon, «Report: Netanyahu Asked Trump to Stick With Saudi Crown Prince After Khashoggi Murder», Haaretz, 1. November 2018.

«Donald Trump’s New York press conference», CNN, Transkript, 27. September 2018.

Xinhua, Rede von Xi Jinping, «Promote People-to-People Friendship and Create a Better Future», 7. September 2013.

Richard A. Boucher, «US Policy in Central Asia: Balancing Priorities (Part II)», Statement to the House International Relations Subcommittee on the Middle East and Central Asia, 26. April 2006.

Pekinger Volkszeitung, «US scheming for ‹Great Central Asia› strategy», 4. August 2006; S. Frederick Starr, «A Partnership for Central Asia», Foreign Affairs, Juli/August 2005.

US State Department, «Remarks on India and the United States: A Vision for the 21st Century», 20. Juli 2011.

China.org.cn, «Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Some Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening the Reform», Article 26, Section VII, 12. November 2013.

Informationsamt des Chinesischen Staatsrates, «Six major economic corridors form the ‹Belt and Road› framework. China Development Bank invests $890bn», 2. Mai 2015.

Export-Import Bank of China, Pressemitteilung, «Bank plays a policy-based financial role to support the construction of ‹One Belt and One Road›», 14. Januar 2014.

China International Trade Institute, «Industrial Cooperation between Countries along the Belt and Road», August 2015.

HSBC, «Reshaping the Future World Economy», 11. Mai 2017.

Nadia Rocha Gaffuri u.a., «How Much will the Belt and Road Inititive reduce trade costs?», World Bank Policy Working Paper 8614, Oktober 2018.

«Full text of President Xi Jinping’s speech at opening of Belt and Road forum», Xinhua, 14. Mai 2017.

Rani Sankar Bosu, «BRI will bring China and ASEAN closer», China.org.cn, 22. Mai 2017.

«President Xi says to build Belt and Road into road for peace, prosperity», Xinhua, 14. Mai 2017.

«What’s wrong with the world? What can we do?», https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RkkGb14zIVY.

«Full text of President Xi Jinping’s speech at opening of Belt and Road forum», Xinhua, 14. Mai 2017.

James Kynge, «How the Silk Road plans will be financed», Financial Times, 9. Mai 2016.

Zu Chinas Erfahrungen in den 1980er und 1990er Jahren vgl. Julian Gewirtz, «Unlikely Partners: Chinese Reformers, Western Economists, and the Making of Global China», Cambridge, MA 2017.

Jamil Anderlini, «Interview: ‹We say, if you want to get rich, build roads first›», Financial Times, 25. September 2018.

Jonathan E. Hillman, «How Big Is China’s Belt and Road?», Center for Strategic and International Studies, 3. April 2018.

Vgl. dazu grundsätzlich Peter Frankopan, «Licht aus dem Osten. Eine neue Geschichte der Welt», Berlin 2016.

«Iran opens new trade link under new Silk Road plan», Press TV, 26. Juni 2018.

«В Туркменабате тожественно открыт монумент ‹Шёлковый путь›», Turkmenistan Segodnya, 8. April 2018.

Jonathan Hillman, «A Chinese world order», Washington Post, 23. Juli 2018.

Vgl. etwa Sajjad Hussain, «China’s CPEC investment in Pakistan reach $62 billion», Livemint, 12. April 2017; Arif Rafiq, «China’s $62 Billion Bet on Pakistan», Foreign Affairs, 25. Oktober 2017.

Vgl. Shahid Rashid, Executive Director to Center of Excellence for CPEC, zitiert in: «CPEC contribution to cross $100bn by 2030», The News International, 9. Februar 2018.

Khaleeq Kiani, «If all goes well, 10 CPEC projects may be completed», Dawn, 1. Januar 2018.

Mehtab Haider, «China may be involved in running Karachi–Peshawar railway», The News, 5. Februar 2018.

«Cement sales touch record high at 4.2 million tons in October», Tribune, 4. November 2017.

Eva Grey, «China turns Malaysia’s East Coast Rail Link into reality», Railway Technology, 1. Oktober 2017.

«Laotians expect Laos–China railway to bring tangible benefits», Xinhua, 4. Februar 2018.

Ein Überblick über die gegenwärtigen Infrastruktur-Großprojekte der Seidenstraßen-Initiative findet sich in «International Financing Review Asia. Asian Development Bank Special Report: Coming up Fast», April 2018.

«China to establish court for OBOR disputes», Asia Times, 25. Januar 2018.

Saptarshi Ray, «China to tunnel beneath Himalayas for Nepal railway link», The Times, 23. Juni 2018.

Anil Giri, «China looks at Nepal as potential gateway to South Asia, expands footprints in market», Hindustan Times, 19. Oktober 2017.

Turloch Mooney, «New Asia-Europe rail services added amid weak ocean rates», Journal of Commerce, 31. Mai 2016.

Zusätzliche zehn Container waren in Duisburg ausgeladen worden. «First China to UK rail freight service arrives in London», Railway Gazette, 18. Januar 2017.

Dirk Visser, «Snapshot: The World’s Ultra Large Container Ship Fleet», The Maritime Executive, 2. Juni 2018.

Zitiert in: «Western firms are coining it along China’s One Belt, One Road», The Economist, 3. August 2017.

Goldman Sachs, «The Rise of China’s New Consumer Class», http://www.goldmansachs.com/our-thinking/macroeconomic-insights/growth-of-china/chinese-consumer/.

Zhidong Li, Kokichi Ito, Ryoichi Komiyama, «Energy Demand and Supply Outlook in China for 2030 and a Northeast Asian Energy Community – The automobile strategy and nuclear power strategy of China», 2018.

Robin Mills, «China’s Big Play for Middle East Oil», Bloomberg, 10. Mai 2017; Elena Mazneva, Stephen Bierman, Javier Blas, «China Deepens Oil Ties With Russia in $9Billion Rosneft Deal», Bloomberg, 8. September 2017; Anthony Dipaola, Aibing Guo, «China’s CNPC pays $1.18 billion for concessions in Abu Dhabi», World Oil, 21. März 2018.

US Energy Information Administration, «China surpassed the United States as the world’s largest crude oil importer in 2017», 5. Februar 2017.

«Kazakhstan to produce nuclear fuel for China», Reuters, 26. Mai 2017.

Fred Gale, James Hansen, Michael Jewison, «China’s Growing Demand for Agricultural Imports», US Department of Agriculture, 2014, S. 11f.

China Water Risk, «North China Plain Groundwater», Verlautbarung vom 26. Februar 2013.

«Air quality worsening in China’s Yangtze River Delta in 2018, figures show», South China Morning Post, 23. Mai 2018.

Li Gao, «Greening Chinese Patent Law to Incentivize Green Technology Innovation in China», in: Yahong Li, «The Role of Patents in China’s Industrial Innovation», Cambridge 2017, S. 79–105.

Vgl. etwa «President vows vast battle with pollution», Xinhua, 19. Mai 2018.

Internationaler Währungsfonds, Pressemitteilung 18/200, «IMF Staff Completes 2018 Article IV Mission to China», 29. Mai 2018.

Yan Chunlin, «Visible and invisible hand in creating and reducing overcapacity», in: Scott Kennedy (Hg.), «State and market in contemporary China: Toward the 13th five year plan», Lanham, MD 2016, S. 30–32; Peter Ferdinand, «Westward ho – The China dream and ‹one belt, one road›: Chinese foreign policy under Xi Jinping», International Affairs 92.4 (2016), S. 941–957.

Andrei Kirillov, «В Казахстане регулярно говорят о некачественном ремонте дорог», Kapital, 26. Juni 2014.

Asian Development Bank, «Meeting Asia’s Infrastructure Needs», 2017.

ICE, «People Research on India’s Consumer Economy, 360° survey», 2016.

Tom Hancock, «US fast food chains chase growth in small-town China», Financial Times, 18. Oktober 2017; Salvatore Babones, «China’s middle class is pulling up the ladder behind slowly», Foreign Policy, 1. Februar 2018.

Tom Hancock, Wang Xueqiao, «China’s smaller cities compete to increase population», Financial Times, 20. Juli 2018.

Zhao Lei, «Xinjiang’s GDP growth beats the national average», China Daily, 20. Oktober 2017; Frank Tang, «Xinjiang halts all government projects as crackdown on debt gets serious», South China Morning Post, 4. April 2018.

Joseph Hope, «Returning Uighur Fighter and China’s National Security Dilemma», China Brief 18 (13), 25. Juli 2018.

Emily Feng, «Crackdown in Xinjiang: Where have all the people gone?», Financial Times, 5. August 2018.

Nectar Gan, «Ban on beards and veils – China’s Xinjiang passes law to curb ‹religious extremism›», South China Morning Post, 30. März 2017.

«China has turned Xinjiang into a police state like no other», The Economist, 3. Mai 2018; zu den Umerziehungslagern vgl. «Around 120,000 Uyghurs Detained For Political Re-Education in Xinjiang’s Kashgar Prefecture», Radio Free Asia, 22. Januar 2018.

Emily Feng, «Crackdown in Xinjiang: Where have all the people gone?», Financial Times, 5. August 2018.

Weida Li, «Beijing responds to Xinjiang policy criticism, blames ‹anti-China forces›, GB Times, 14. August 2018.

«China to UN panel: No arbitrary detention in Uighur region», Associated Press, 13. August 2018.

«Xinjiang Political ‹Re-Education Camps› Treat Uyghurs ‹Infected by Religious Extremism›: CCP Youth League», Radio Free Asia, 8. August 2018.

«President Xi vows intense pressure on terrorism», Xinhua, 27. Juni 2014.

Zhang Hui, «Xinjiang city urges terrorists to turn themselves in within 30 days», Global Times, 19. November 2018.

Philip Wen, Olzhas Auyezov, «Tracking China’s Muslim Gulag», Reuters, 29. November 2018.

«China stages another mass anti-terror rally in Xinjiang», Reuters, 19. Februar 2017.

Adrian Zenz, James Liebold, «Chen Quanguo: The Strongman Behind Beijing’s Securitization Strategy in Tibet and Xinjiang», China Brief 17 (12), 21. September 2017.

Abdullo Ashurov, «Аз донишҷӯёни тоҷик дар Чин хостанд, рӯза нагиранд», Radio Ozodi, 9. Juni 2018.

Nurtai Lakhanuly, «‹Это было как в аду›. Рассказы побывавших в китайских лагеря», Radio Azattyk, 23. Mai 2018. Vgl. auch Bruce Pannier, «China’s New Security Concern – The Kazakhs», Qishloq Ovozi, 8. August 2017.

«Xi calls for building ‹great wall of iron› for Xinjiang’s stability», Xinhua, 10. März 2017.

Congressional-Executive Commission on China, «Chairs Urge Ambassador Branstad to Prioritze Mass Detention of Uyghurs, Including Family Members of Radio Free Asia Employees», 3. April 2018.

Vgl. z.B. Franz J. Marty, «The curious case of Chinese troops on Afghan soil», Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst, 3. Februar 2017.

Paul Goble, «What Is China’s Military Doing on the Afghan – Tajik Border?», Eurasia Daily Monitor 15 (20), 8. Februar 2018.