reading

[Motto]
[Widmung]
Einleitung
1 In welcher Sprache fällt der Regen auf kummergewohnte Städte?
2 Zu Zeiten der Wahl in einer gefährlichen Demokratie
3 Unsere gefangenen, verwundeten Herzen
4 Die Sprache der Literatur
5 Das Schweigen ist der lauteste Ton
6 Andeutungen eines Endes
7 Der Friedhof spricht zurück
8 In den Schächten tobt ein Feuer, das System versagt
9 Die Pandemie ist eine Pforte
10 »Wir erleben hier ein Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit«
Dank
Anmerkungen
- 1 In welcher Sprache fällt der Regen auf kummergewohnte Städte?
- 2 Zu Zeiten der Wahl in einer gefährlichen Demokratie
- 3 Unsere gefangenen, verwundeten Herzen
- 4 Die Sprache der Literatur
- 5 Das Schweigen ist der lauteste Ton
- 6 Andeutungen eines Endes. Der unaufhaltsame Aufstieg der hinduistischen Nation
- 7 Der Friedhof spricht zurück. Fiktion im Zeitalter von Fake News
- 8 In den Schächten tobt ein Feuer, das System versagt
- 9 Die Pandemie ist eine Pforte
- 10 »Wir erleben hier ein Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit«. Die indische Politik im Angesicht der Corona-Katastrophe

Über Arundhati Roy

Arundhati Roy wurde 1959 geboren, wuchs in Kerala auf und lebt in Neu-Delhi. Den internationalen Durchbruch schaffte sie mit ihrem Debütroman »Der Gott der kleinen Dinge«, für den sie 1997 den Booker Prize erhielt. Aus der Weltliteratur der Gegenwart ist er nicht mehr wegzudenken. In den vergangenen Jahren widmete sie sich außer ihrem politischen und humanitären Engagement vor allem ihrem zweiten Roman »Das Ministerium des äußersten Glücks« (2017). Für ihr Werk und ihr Engagement wurde sie mit zahlreichen Preisen ausgezeichnet.

Über dieses Buch

»Azadi heißt Freiheit.« Ob sie als Erzählerin in ihren Romanen andere Universen entwirft oder in ihren Essays unsere Welt schonungslos hinterfragt: Kompromisslos kritisiert Arundhati Roy im Namen der Freiheit die Gesellschaften, die in Ost wie West immer nationalistischer agieren. Schonungslos untersucht sie Umweltzerstörung, Ausbeutung und Überwachung. Und doch muss die Pandemie nicht der Endpunkt dieses Weltvernichtungsprogramms sein: Denn was wäre, wenn Corona ein Portal wäre, an dem wir uns entscheiden müssen, was wir zurücklassen und was wir mit uns nehmen? Die Pandemie könnte eine Wende bedeuten. Der unnachgiebige Blick der Aktivistin Arundhati Roy kann uns Hoffnung schenken.

Impressum

Die Originalausgabe erschien 2020 unter dem Titel »Azadi« bei Penguin Books, London, part of the Penguin Random House group of companies. Der letzte Essay »Wir erleben hier ein Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit« erschien am 28. April 2021 im Guardian.

Abhängig vom eingesetzten Lesegerät kann es zu unterschiedlichen Darstellungen des vom Verlag freigegebenen Textes kommen.

Endnoten

Anumeha Yadav, »Ground Report: Delhi Police Actions Caused Death of Man in Infamous National Anthem Video«, HuffPost India, 1. März 2020, aktualisiert am 2. März 2020 (https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/delhi-riots-police-national-anthem-video-faizan_in_5e5bb8e1c5b6010221126276).

Devanagari, früher bekannt als Nagari, was »zu einer Stadt gehörend« bedeutet, oder im Falle der Sprache »in einer Stadt gesprochen« – war das Alphabet, das vor allem von Brahmanen in den nördlichen und westlichen Regionen des indischen Subkontinents verwendet wurde. Es ist das Schriftsystem des Sanskrit, die Sprache der religiösen Schriften, die traditionell von brahmanischen Priestern rezitiert werden. Aus diesem Grund ist die Schrift als Devanagari bekannt geworden. Deva bedeutet »Gott« oder »göttlich«.

Die Sprachpolitik in der Schule meiner Mutter hat sich seitdem völlig ins Gegenteil gewendet. Jetzt wird in den unteren Klassen nur noch Malayalam unterrichtet.

Siehe Arundhati Roy, »Why I Am Returning My Award«, Indian Express, 5. November 2015 (https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/why-i-am-returning-my-award/).

Während NGOs und Medienberichte auf eine Zahl von 2000 Opfern schließen lassen (siehe »A Decade of Shame« von Anupama Katakam, Frontline, 9. März 2012), erklärte der damalige Innenminister Shriprakash Jaiswal (Mitglied der Congress Party) dem Parlament am 11. Mai 2005, dass bei den Unruhen 790 Musliminnen und Muslime sowie 254 Hindus getötet, 2548 verletzt und 223 Personen vermisst wurden. Siehe »Gujarat Riot Death Toll Revealed«, BBC News, 11. Mai 2005 (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4536199.stm).

Diese Behauptung wurde 1912 von Badri Narain Upadhyaya »Premghan« während einer Rede vor dem Hindi Sahitya Sammelan aufgestellt. Alok Rai, Hindi Nationalism (Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 2001), S. 53.

Atul Chandra, »Language Row in UP Assembly: Sanskrit Allowed, Urdu Not«, Catch News, 30. März 2017 (http://www.catchnews.com/politics-news/language-row-in-up-assembly-sanskrit-allowed-urdu-not-56230.html).

»BSP Corporator Takes Oath in Urdu, is Charged with ›Intent to Hurt Religious Sentiments‹«, The Hindu, 14. Dezember 2017 (http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bsp-corporator-takes-oath-in-urdu-is-charged-with-intent-to-hurt-religious-sentiments/article21665609.ece).

Jawed Naqvi, »The Lost Precious Pearls of Gujarat«, National Herald, 2. September 2017 (https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/opinion/the-lost-precious-pearls-of-gujarat).

Chandan Haygunde, »Elgaar Parishad Probe: Those Held Part of Anti-Fascist Plot to Overthrow Govt, Pune Police Tells Court«, Indian Express, 30. August 2018 (https://indianexpress.com/article/india/elgaar-parishad-probe-those-held-part-of-anti-fascist-plot-to-overthrow-govt-pune-police-tells-court-5331832/).

Michael Safi, »Demonetisation Drive That Cost India 1.5 m Jobs Fails to Uncover ›Black Money‹«, The Guardian, 30. August 2018 (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/30/india-demonetisation-drive-fails-uncover-black-money).

Amit Agnihotri, »Reliance Defence Granted Offset Contract in Rafale Deal without Licence: Congress«, New Indian Express, 27. Juli 2018 (https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/jul/27/reliance-defence-granted-offset-contract-in-rafale-deal-without-licence-congress-1849429.html).

Zeba Siddiqui, »India Leaves Four Million Off Assam Citizens’ List, Triggers Fear«, Reuters, 31. Juli 2018 (https://in.reuters.com/article/nrc-assam-national-register-citizens/india-leaves-four-millionoff-assam-citizens-list-triggers-fear-idINKBN1KL0CE).

Hilal Mir, »In Pulwama Bomber Adil Ahmad Dar’s Village, It’s Another Day, Another Death«, HuffPost India, 18. Februar 2019 (https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/pulwama-attack-just-another-detail-for-suicide-bomber-adil-dars-village_in_5c699d01e4b033a79943a0da).

»Pulwama Blast: At Least 40 CRPF Personnel Killed, Deadliest Attack in 20 Years, HuffPost India, 14. Februar 2019 (https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/pulwama-attack-atleast-30-crpf-personnel-dead-pm-modi-calls-attack-despicable_in_5c656f42e4b0bcddd40f3026).

400 People Killed in Kashmir So Far in 2018, Highest in Almost 10 Years«, Reuters, 23. Dezember 2018 (https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2018/11/23/400-people-killed-in-kashmir-so-far-in-2018-highest-in-almost-10-years_a_23597844/).

Aijaz Hussain, »In Life and Death, Fight Against India Joins Kashmir Teens«, Associated Press, 16. Januar 2019 (https://apnews.com/article/06975c4b8a25470898cd9c1b6b7050d1).

Ankur Pathak, »›Abhinandan‹, ›Balakot‹, ›Pulwama‹: Bollywood Producers Fight to Register ›Patriotic‹ Movie Titles«, HuffPost India, 28. Februar 2019 (https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/abhinandan-balakot-pulwama-bollywood-producers-fight-to-register-patriotic-movie-titles_in_5c778498e4b0952f89de441b?ncid=other_homepage_tiwdkz83gze).

»PM Narendra Modi Can Trace 3 Kg Beef But Not ›350 kg‹ RDX, Says Congress’s Haroon Yusuf«, Indian Express, 22. Februar 2019 (https://indianexpress.com/article/india/three-kg-beef-can-be-traced-but-not-350-kg-rdx-haroon-yusuf-asks-5595856/).

Ritu Sarin, »Pulwama Attack: Intelligence Failure … We are at Fault Also, Admits Governor«, Indian Express, 15. Februar 2019 (https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kashmir-pulwama-crpf-attacks-intelligence-failure-governor-satya-pal-malik-5584865/).

»Days Ahead of Pulwama Blast, Intelligence Warned of Possible IED Attacks: Report«, Outlook, 15. Februar 2019 (https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-days-ahead-of-pulwama-blast-intelligence-warned-of-possible-suicide-attacks-report/325491).

Shubhajit Roy, »India Strikes Terror, Deep in Pakistan: Next Step, Diplomtic Outreach«, Indian Express, 27. Februar 2019 (https://indianexpress.com/article/india/iaf-air-strike-pakistan-india-balakot-jaish-e-mohammad-mirage-5602259/).

»Villagers Near Balakot Say Indian Warplanes Missed Jaish-Run Madrasa by a Kilometre«, HuffPost, 26. Februar 2019 (https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/villagers-balakotindia-warplanes-missed-jaish-run-madrasa-by-a-kilometre_in_5c752946e4b0bf1662033467).

Muneeza Naqvi, »India Says It Has Struck Militants across Kashmir Frontier«, Associated Press, 29. September 2016 (https://apnews.com/article/6355e09f1f364ca7b94d535df29c99a7).

Maria Abi-Habib und Austin Ramzy, »Indian Jets Strike in Pakistan Revenge for Kashmir Attack«, The New York Times, 25. Februar 2019 (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/25/world/asia/india-pakistan-kashmir-jets.html).

»Pakistani Jets Violate Indian Air Space, Drops Bombs on Way Out«, HuffPost India, 27. Februar 2019 (https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/pakistani-jets-violate-indian-air-space-drop-bombs-on-way-out_in_5c7625ebe4b0031d956348eb); »India Shot Down One Pakistani Aircraft, One Indian Pilot Missing: MEA«, Huffpost India, 27. Februar 2019 (https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/india-shot-down-one-pakistani-aircraft-one-indian-pilot-missing-mea_in_5c765df4e4b08c4f55559ce4); Maria-Abi Habib und Hari Kumar, »Pakistani Military Says It Downed Two Indian Warplanes, Capturing Pilot«, The New York Times (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/27/world/asia/kashmir-india-pakistan-aircraft.html).

Haseeb A. Drabu, »Modi’s Majoritarian March to Kashmir«, New York Times, 8. August 2019 (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/08/opinion/modis-majoritarian-march-to-kashmir.html).

Sameer Yasir, Suhasini Raj, und Jeffrey Gettleman, »Inside Kashmir, Cut Off from the World: ›A Living Hell‹ of Anger and Fear,« New York Times, 10. August 2019 (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/10/world/asia/kashmir-indiapakistan.html).

Siehe Vindu Goel, »What Is Article 370, and Why Does It Matter in Kashmir?«, New York Times, 5. August 2019 (https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/world/asia/india-pakistan-crisis.html). Siehe auch A.G. Noorani, »Murder of Insaniyat, and of India’s Solemn Commitment to Kashmir«, The Wire, 13. August 2019 (https://thewire.in/law/murder-of-insaniyat-and-of-indias-solemn-commitment-to-kashmir).

Siehe Sunil S. Amrith, »The Race to Dam the Himalayas«, New York Times, 1. Dezember 2018 (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/01/opinion/himalayas-mountains-dams.html).

Siehe »Kashmir Special Status Explained: What Are Articles 370 and 35A?«, Al Jazeera, 5. August 2019 (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/8/5/kashmir-special-status-explained-what-are-articles-370-and-35a). Siehe auch Venkatesh Nayak, »The Back- story of Article 370: A True Copy of J&K’s Instrument of Accession«, The Wire, 26. Oktober 2016 (https://thewire.in/history/public-first-time-jammu-kashmirsinstrument-accession-india).

»Haryana Chief Minister’s Bizarre ›Joke‹ on Kashmiri Daughters-In-Law«, NDTV, 10. August 2019 (https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/haryana-chief-minister-manohar-lal-khattars-bizarre-joke-on-kashmiri-daughters-in-law-2083255).

Muzamil Jaleel, »Why Kashmiris Want a Fair Probe into the Killings of Pandits, Prosecution of Guilty«, Indian Express, 8. August 2017 (https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/why-kashmiris-want-a-fair-probe-into-the-killings-of-pandits-prosecution-of-guilty-4786855/).

Siehe Azad Essas Interview mit Mridu Rai, »Kashmir: The Pandit Question«, Al Jazeera, 1. August 2011 (https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/spotlight/kashmirtheforgottenconflict/2011/07/2011724204546645823.html).

Siehe Azad Essa, »Kashmir Pandits: Why We Never Fled Kashmir«, Al Jazeera, 2. August 2011 (https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/spotlight/kashmirtheforgottenconflict/2011/07/201176134818984961.html).

Association of Parents of Disappeared Persons and Jammu Kashmir Coalition of Civil Society, Torture: Indian State’s Instrument of Control in Indian Administered Jammu and Kashmir, Februar 2019 (http://jkccs.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/TORTURE-Indian-State%E2%80%99s-Instrument-of-Control-in-Indian-administered-Jammu-and-Kashmir.pdf). Siehe auch Judith Matloff, »Kashmiri Mothers Hunt for Lost Sons«, Christian Science Monitor, 1. Februar 2008 (https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2008/0201/p07s03-wosc.html).

Ellen Barry, »An Epidemic of ›Dead Eyes‹ in Kashmir as India Use Pellet Guns on Protesters«, The New York Times, 28. August 2016 (https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/29/world/asia/pellet-guns-used-in-kashmir-protests-cause-dead-eyes-epidemic.html).

Siehe »Unsere gefangenen, verwundeten Herzen« in diesem Band. Siehe auch Basharat Peer, »The Young Suicide Bomber Who Brought India and Pakistan to the Brink of War«, The New York Times, 2. März 2019 (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/02/opinion/sunday/kashmir-india-pakistan.html).

ANI, »Before Abolishing Article 370, Indian Army Identified Possible Trouble Spots in Kashmir«, Economic Times, 8. August 2019 (https://economictimes.india-times.com/news/defence/before-abolishing-article-370-indian-army-identified-possible-trouble-spots-in-kashmir/articleshow/70583869.cms).

Siehe Alasdair Pal, »India Boosts Hindu Pilgrimage to Holy Cave in Conflict-Torn Kashmir«, Reuters, 28. Juli 2019 (https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-india-kashmir-pilgrimageidUKKCN1UN04Q).

Vishnu Som, »Pak[istan] Army Landmine, Sniper Rifle Found in Amarnath Yatra Route«, NDTV, 2. August 2019 (https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/army-says-confirmed-intel-of-terrorists-backed-by-pakistan-army-trying-to-disrupt-amarnath-yatra-2079339).

»Leave Kashmir ASAP: J&K Govt Issues Advisory for Amarnath Yatra Pilgrims and Tourists«, India Today, 2. August 2019 (https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/leave-kashmir-j-k-administration-issues-security-advisory-for-amarnath-pilgrims-1576494-2019-08-02).

Shaswati Das, »Mehbooba Mufti, Omar Abdullah Arrested After Scrapping of Article 370« Mint, 5. August 2019 (https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/mehbooba-mufti-omar-abdullah-arrested-after-scrapping-of-article-370-1565015217174.html).

Muzaffar Raina, »Disarmed Fall Guys of Article 370«, Telegraph (India), 10. August 2019 (https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/disarmed-fall-guys-of-article-370/cid/1696748).

Promit Mukherjee, »India’s Modi Trumpets Kashmir, Muslim Marriage Moves in Independence Day Speech«, Reuters, 15. August 2019 (https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-india-independenceday-modi-idUKKCN1V50K4).

Indrajit Kundu, »Kashmir Effect: Rebel Groups Ban Independence Day Celebrations in Northeast«, India Today, 15. August 2019 (www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kashmir-effect-rebel-groups-ban-independence-day-celebrations-in-northeast-1580947-2019-08-14).

Siehe Charlie Phillips, »The Hour of Lynching: The Killing of Muslim Cow Farmers in India«, Guardian, 24. Mai 2019 (https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/may/24/the-hour-of-lynching-the-killing-of-muslim-cow-farmers-in-india).

Siehe Pankaj Mishra, »The Other Face of Fanaticism«, New York Times Magazine, 2. Februar 2003 (https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/02/magazine/the-other-face-of-fanaticism.html). Siehe auch Dhirendra K. Jham »How the RSS Became Involved in Running the Bhonsala Military School«, Caravan, 26. April 2017 (https://caravanmagazine.in/vantage/the-rss-bhonsala-military-school-dhirendra-k-jha).

Siehe Rollo Romig, »Railing Against India’s Right-Wing Nationalism Was a Calling. It Was Also a Death Sentence«, New York Times Magazine, 14. März 2019 (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/14/magazine/gauri-lankesh-murder-journalist.html).

Ram Madhav, »This Election Result is a Positive Mandate in Favour of Narendra Modi«, Indian Express, 24. Mai 2019 (https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/lok-sabhaelections-result-narendra-modi-bjp-government-congress-5745313/).

»Rajya Sabha: UAPA Bill Passed Despite Opposition Fears«, The Hindu, 2. August 2019 (https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/uapa-amendment-bill-gets-rajya-sabha-approval/article28796520.ece).

Siddharth Varadarajan, »Allowing the State to Designate Someone as a ›Terrorist‹ Without Trial is Dangerous«, The Wire, 2. August 2019 (https://thewire.in/rights/uapa-bjp-terrorist-amit-shah-nia).

Siehe Abhishek Angad, »Tabrez Ansari 18th Mob Violence Victim in Jharkhand in Three Years«, Indian Express, 1. Juli 2019 (https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tabrez-ansari-18th-mob-violence-victim-in-jharkhand-in-three-years-5808122/).

Ephrat Livni, »Nearly 2 Million People in India Have Just Been Rendered Stateless by a Bureaucratic Act«, Quartz India, 31. August 2019 (https://qz.com/1699761/indias-national-register-of-citizensmakes-nearly-2-million-stateless/).

Annalisa Merelli, »The BJP’s Threat to Restrict Indian Citizenship Unmasks the Ugliest Side of Nationalism«, Quartz India, 11. April 2019 (https://qz.com/india/1591557/bjp-threat-to-restrict-indian-citizenship-targets-muslims/).

Rebecca Ratcliffe, »India Set to Withdraw Kashmir’s Special Status and Split it Into Two«, Guardian, 5. August 2019 (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/05/india-revoke-disputed-kashmir-special-status).

Siehe Masha Gessen, »›The Right to Have Rights‹ and the Plight of the Stateless«, New Yorker, 3. Mai 2018 (https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/the-right-to-have-rights-and-the-plight-of-the-stateless).

Narendra Modi, »Full Text of Modi’s First Speech After Historic Victory«, Business Insider, 26. Mai 2019 (https://www.businessinsider.in/full-text-of-modi-speech-loksabha-election-2019/articleshow/69467611.cms).

Krishna N. Das, »Hindu Group Behind Modi’s Rise in India Opens Up as Election Nears«, Reuters, 18. September 2018 (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-election-rss-idUSKCN1LY1GI).

Avinash Dutt Garg, »Muzaffarnagar: Tales of Death and Despair in India’s Riot-Hit Town«, BBC News, 25. September 2013 (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-24172537).

Sruthi Gottipati und Annie Banerji, »Modi’s ›Puppy‹ Remark Triggers New Controversy over 2002 Riots«, Reuters, 12. Juli 2013 (https://www.reuters.com/article/narendra-modi-puppy-reutersinterview-idINDEE96B08S20130712).

Sai Manish, »86 % of Currency by Value in India Are of Rs 500 & Rs 1000 Denominations«, Business Standard, 9. November 2016 (https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/86of-currency-by-value-in-india-are-of-rs-500-rs-1-000-denominations-116110801416_1.html).

Asit Ranjan Mishra, »Arvind Subramanian Speaks Up, Says Demonetisation Was a Draconian Move«, Mint, 30. November 2018 (https://www.livemint.com/Politics/Zwagzf4FCtXQsAdy0JLWpK/Arvind-Subramanian-speaks-up-says-demonetisation-was-a-drac.html).

Anand Patel, »Cat Finally Out of the Bag: Unemployment at 45-Year-High, Government Defends Data«, India Today, 31. May 2019 (https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/india-unemployment-rate-6-1-per-cent-45-year-high-nsso-report-1539580-2019-05-31).

Archis Mohan, »BJP Richest Political Party with Rs. 10,03 Billion Income in FY17: ADR«, Business Standard, 11. April 2018 (https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/bjp-richest-political-party-with-rs-10-03-billion-income-in-fy17-adr-118041001008_1.html).

Sanjay Singh, »Mohan Bhagwat Meets Diplomats: Signs of ›Secretive‹ Sangh Shedding Reticence«, Firstpost, 13. September 2017 (https://www.firstpost.com/politics/mohan-bhagwat-meets-diplomats-signs-of-secretive-sangh-shedding-reticence-4039533.html).

Sidharth Bhatia, »The Cruel Irony of the German Ambassador’s Visit to the RSS Headquarters«, The Wire, 20. Juli 2019 (https://thewire.in/world/german-ambassador-walter-lindner-rss-headquarters).

Maria Abi-Habib und Sameer Yasir, »Court Backs Hindus on Ayodhya, Handing Modi Victory in His Bid to Remake India«, The New York Times, 8. November 2019 (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/08/world/asia/ayodhya-supreme-court-india.html).

Alison Saldanha und Chaitanya Mallapur, »Crime rate against Dalits increased by 25 % from 2006 to 2016; cases pending investigation up by 99 %«, Firstpost, 9. April 2018 (https://www.firstpost.com/india/crime-rate-against-dalits-increased-by-25-from-2006-to-2016-cases-pending-investigation-up-by-99-4419369.html).

Bilal Kuchay, »Dalit Children Beaten to Death in India for Defecating in Public«, Al Jazeera, 26. September 2019 (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/9/26/dalit-children-beaten-to-death-in-india-for-defecating-in-public). Siehe auch »The Problem With the Gates Foundation’s Award to Narendra Modi«, Quartz India, 27. September 2019 (https://qz.com/1714568/why-is-the-gates-foundations-award-to-narendra-modi-controversial/).

Samah Hadid, »A Gulf Red Carpet for Modi and Silence for Kashmir«, Asia Times, 22. August 2019 (https://asiatimes.com/2019/08/a-gulf-red-carpet-for-modi-and-silence-for-kashmir/).

»Kashmir under Lockdown: All the Latest Updates«, Al Jazeera, 27. Oktober 2019 (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/27/kashmir-under-lockdown-all-the-latest-updates).

Satyajeet Kumar, »Tabrez Ansari Lynching: New Medical Report Suggests Cardiac Arrest Was Due to Skull Fracture, Other Injuries«, India Today , 13. September 2019 (https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tabrez-ansari-lynching-medical-report-cardiac-arrest-skull-fracture-jharkhand-police-1598668-2019-09-13).

Rupinder Kaur et al., »Hunted: India’s Lynch Files«, The Quint Lab. Interaktiver Bericht online verfügbar unter: www.thequint.com/quintlab/lynching-in-india/.

Michael D. Shear, »At Rally for India’s Modi, Trump Plays Second Fiddle But a Familiar Tune«, The New York Times, 22. September 2019 (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/22/us/politics/trump-modi-houston-rally.html).

Kai Schultz, »India’s Soundtrack of Hate, with a Pop Sheen«, The New York Times, 10. November 2019 (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/10/world/asia/india-hindutva-pop-narendra-modi.html). Siehe auch Sheikh Saaliq, »India’s ›Patriotism Pop‹ Songs Urge Hindus to Claim Kashmir«, Associated Press, 22. August 2019 (https://apnews.com/article/india-ap-top-news-pakistan-international-news-music-3df3740cf2204553b66c8b5a0a3d08f5).

Scroll Staff, »Jammu and Kashmir: 125 Projects Cleared on Forest Land Since August, Only 97 Approved Last Year«, Scroll, 21. Oktober 2019 (https://scroll.in/latest/941222/jammu-and-kashmir-125-projects-cleared-on-forest-land-since-august-only-97-approved-last-year).

Furquan Ameen, »Normalcy in Kashmir? Government Ad Says It All«, Telegraph (Indien), 12. Oktober 2019 (https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/normalcy-in-kashmir-government-ad-says-it-all/cid/1711019).

Suhasini Raj und Jeffrey Gentleman, »Abused by Soldiers and Militants, Kashmiris Face Dangers in Daily Life«, The New York Times, 15. September 2019 (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/15/world/asia/kashmir-indiamilitants.html). Aijaz Hussein, »Kashmiris Allege Night Terror by Indian Troops in Crackdown«, Associated Press, 14. September 2019 (https://apnews.com/article/india-kashmir-ap-top-news-new-delhi-international-news-52b06a124a5a4469984793d3c208733d).

Mudasir Ahmad, »Fearing Arrest, Youth in Srinagar Avoid Hospitals, Treat Pellet Injuries Themselves«, The Wire, 2. September 2019 (https://thewire.in/rights/fearing-arrest-youth-in-srinagar-avoid-hospitals-treat-pellet-injuries-themselves).

Niha Masih und Joanna Slater, »Among the 3000 Detained by Indian Authorities in Kashmir: Children«, Washington Post, 29. August 2019 (www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/among-the-3000-detained-by-indian-authorities-in-kashmir-children/2019/08/29/1616b5c0-c91c-11e9-9615-8f1a32962e04_story.html).

Ananthakrishnan G, »Restrictions Only in the Mind, Not in J&K«, Indian Express, 30. September 2019 (https://indianexpress.com/article/india/restrictions-only-in-the-mind-not-in-jk-amit-shah-6039579/); India Today Web Desk, »Phone Lines are Not Important for Kashmiris, Their Lives are Important: Satya Pal Malik«, India Today, 14. Oktober 2019 (https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/phones-not-important-for-kashmiris-j-k-governor-satya-pal-malik-1609175-2019-10-14); Press Trust of India, »People Moving Around Freely in J&K: General Rawat«, Economic Times, 25. September 2019 (https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/people-moving-around-freely-in-jk-general-rawat/articleshow/71294201.cms?from=mdr).

Public Broadcasting Trust India, What the Fields Remember, Regie: Subasri Krishnan, YouTube, hochgeladen: 13. März 2016 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=599LmFwHJwU).

Abdul Kalam Azad, »The Struggle of ›Doubtful Voters‹ Has Intensified in BJS’s Assam«, The Wire, 12. Juli 2017 (https://thewire.in/law/assam-doubtful-voters-sonowal).

»1000 ›Foreigners‹ Lodged in 6 Detention Centres in Assam, 28 Died in 3 Years: Home Ministry«, Outlook Web Bureau, 27. November 2019 (https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-1000-foreigners-lodged-in-6-detention-centres-in-assam-28-died-in-3-years-home-ministry/343142).

TNN, »SC Strikes Down IMDT ACT as Unconstitutional«, Economic Times, 13. Juli 2005 (https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/sc-strikes-down-imdt-act-as-unconstitutional/articleshow/1168803.cms?from=mdr).

Dhananjay Mahapatra, »Don’t Drag Your Feet Over Illegal Migrants, SC [Supreme Court] Tells Assam«, Times of India, 1. April 2015 (https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/Dont-drag-your-feet-over-illegal-migrants-SC-tells-Assam/articleshow/46766776.cms).

Ipsita Chakravarty, »In Assam, the Congress [Party] Spars with BJP over Its Chief Ministerial Candidate’s Past«, Scroll, 19. März 2016 (https://scroll.in/article/805772/in-assam-the-congress-spars-with-bjp-spar-over-its-chief-ministerial-candidates-past).

»Original Petitioner Assam Public Works Unhappy with ›Flawed‹ NRC, Questions Software Used«, News18, 31. August 2019 (https://www.news18.com/news/india/original-petitioner-assampublic-works-unhappy-with-flawed-nrc-questions-software-used-2291933.html).

Assam Sanmilita Mahasangha & Ors. v. Union of India & Ors., Supreme Court of India, 17. Dezember 2014 (http://www.nrcassam.nic.in/pdf/17%20Dec%202014%20Record%20Of%20Proceedings_SUPREME%20COURT.pdf).

»India Excludes Nearly 2 Million People from Assam Citizen List«, Al Jazeera, 31. August 2019 (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/08/31/india-excludes-nearly-2-million-people-from-assam-citizen-list/).

Press Trust of India, »1000 Foreigners Tribunals to Be Established in Phases, Assam Govt to Set Up 200 Additional FTs by Sep 1«, News18, 12. Juli 2019 (https://www.news18.com/news/india/1000-foreigners-tribunalsto-be-established-in-phases-assam-govt-to-set-up-200-additional-fts-by-sep-1-2228343.html).

Syeda Ambia Zahan, »Assam NRC: 6 Kill Self in 13 Days as State Prepares Final List; Lack of Recourse Pushes Residents to Edge, Say Activists«, Firstpost, 12. Juli 2019 (https://www.firstpost.com/india/assam-nrc-6-kill-self-in-13days-as-state-prepares-final-list-lack-of-recourse-pushes-residents-to-edge-say-activists-6984691.html).

Siehe Newsclick Team, »I Am ›Miya‹ – Reclaiming Identity Through Protest Poetry«, Newsclick, 1. Juli 2019 (https://www.newsclick.in/I-am-miya-reclaiming-identity-protest-poetry-karwan-e-mohabbat).

Helen Regan, Swati Gupta, und Omar Khan, »India Passes Controversial Citizenship Bill That Excludes Muslims«, CNN, 17. Dezember 2019 (https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/11/asia/india-citizenship-amendment-bill-intl-hnk/index.html).

Rahul Tripathi, »National Population Register to Include Aadhaar Details«, Economic Times, 5. August 2019 (https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/national-population-register-to-include-aadhaar-details/articleshow/70528850.cms).

Zehn Tage nach der Erstveröffentlichung dieses Vortrags überschwemmte die Gewalt den Nordosten Delhis. Organisierte faschistische Mobs, bewaffnet und von der Polizei unterstützt, begannen Angriffe gegen muslimische Menschen der Arbeiterklasse. Ihre Häuser, Geschäfte, Moscheen und Stadtviertel wurden niedergebrannt. Viele wurden getötet. Viele sind verschwunden. Tausende von muslimischen Flüchtlingen leben zusammengedrängt auf den örtlichen muslimischen Friedhöfen (siehe »In den Schächten tobt ein Feuer, das System versagt« in diesem Band).

Kritika Sharma Sebastian, »We Want Freedom in India, Not from India: Kanhaiya«, The Hindu, 5. März 2016 (https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/we-wantfreedom-in-india-not-from-india-kanhaiya/article8315890.ece).

»Yogi’s Revenge: UP Govt Sets up Panel to Seize Property of CAA Protesters«, Clarion India, 24. Dezember 2019 (https://clarionindia.net/yogis-revenge-up-govt-sets-up-panel-to-seize-property-of-caa-protesters).

Liz Mathew und Abhinav Rajput, »Minister Anurag Thakur Chants Desh Ke Gaddaron Ko, Poll Rally Crowd Completes Goli Maaro …«, Indian Express, 28. Januar 2020 (https://indianexpress.com/article/india/anurag-thakur-slogan-rithala-rally-6238566).

»Hours after Man Shot at Jamia Students, Amit Shah Asks Delhi Voters, ›With Modi or Shaheen Bagh?‹« Scroll, 31. Januar 2020 (https://amp.scroll.in/latest/951665/hours-after-man-shot-at -jamia-students-amit-shah-asks-delhi-voters-with-modi-or-shaheen-bagh).

Agence France-Presse, »India Can Now Defeat Pakistan ›In 7–10 Days‹, Says Narendra Modi«, Live Mint, 29. Januar 2020 (https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india-can-now-defeat-pakistan-in7-10-days-says-narendra-modi-11580304232357.html).

Kai Schultz, »Indian Children’s Book Lists Hitler as Leader ›Who Will Inspire You‹«, New York Times, 17. März 2018 (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/17/world/asia/india-hitler-childrens-book.html).

Arundhati Roy, The Doctor and the Saint: Caste, Race, and Annihilation of Caste, the Debate Between B.R. Ambedkar and M.K. Gandhi (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2018).

»›Go to Pakistan‹, Says India Officer as Leader Praises Crackdown«, Al Jazeera, 28. Dezember 2019 (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/pakistan-india-officer-leader-praises-crackdown-191228080506372.html).

Arup Roychoudhury, »India’s Top 63 Billionaires Have More Wealth Than 2018–19 Budget Outlay«, Business Standard, 21. Januar 2020 (https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/india-s-top-63-billionaires-have-more-wealth-than-2018-19-budget-outlay-120012100038_1.html).

»Mettupalayam Untouchability Wall: The Fall of It and the Rise of Islam«, Dalit Camera, 19. Januar 2020 (https://www.dalitcamera.com/mettupalayam-untouchability-wall-the-fall-of-it-and-the-rise-of-islam).

Neethu Joseph, »Police Complaint Against Kerala Critic For ›Offensive‹ Remarks Against Arundhati Roy«, The News Minute, 2. Februar 2020 (https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/police-complaint-against-kerala-critic-offensive-remarks-against-arundhati-roy-117351).

»Human Shield: Paresh Rawal Wants Arundhati Roy [to] Be Tied to Army Jeep Instead of Stone Pelter«, Times of India, 22. Mai 2017 (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/human-shield-paresh-rawal-wants-arundhati-roy-be-tied-to-army-jeep-instead-of-stone-pelter/articleshow/58785670.cms).

A. Vaidyanathan, »14 Gujarat Riots Convicts Get Interim Bail, Supreme Court Orders Social Service«, NDTV, 28. Januar 2020 (https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/gujarat-riots-supreme-courtgrants-bail-to-14-convicted-in-a-case-orders-them-to-do-social-and-spiri-2170755).

Anumeha Yadav, »Ground Report: Delhi Police Actions Caused Death of Man in Infamous National Anthem Video«, HuffPost India, 1. März 2020, aktualisiert: 2. März 2020 (https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/delhi-riots-police-national-anthem-video-faizan_in_5e5bb8e1c5b6010221126276).

National Herald Web Desk, »PM National Relief Fund Has Only 15 % Funds as Cash«, National Herald, 30. März 2020 (https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/pm-national-relief-fund-has-only-15-funds-as-cash?fbclid=IwAR2ZtB4rzzpU1e6Oqjh4B7KVj_EIt _v8Rc33jIuysJ93E9zsmb7-XMKpK-s).

Unterernährung bei Kindern: Fatima Khan, »Over 8.8 Lakh Deaths – India on Top in UNICEF Report on Under-5 Child Mortality in 2018«, The Print, 17. Oktober 2019 (https://theprint.in/india/8-lakh-deaths-india-unicef-reportchild-mortality-2018/306950); Tuberkulose: Teena Thacker, »India Continues to Record Maximum Number of Tuberculosis (TB) Cases«, Economic Times, 17. Oktober 2019 (https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-continues-to-record-maximum-number-of-tuberculosis-tb-cases-/articleshow/71638359.cms?from=mdr).

Während wir über den Titel dieses Buches diskutierten, fragte mich mein britischer Verleger Simon Prosser, woran ich dächte, wenn ich an Azadi dachte. Ich war überrascht, als ich ohne zu zögern antwortete: »An einen Roman.« Denn ein Roman verleiht einer Schriftstellerin die Freiheit, so komplex zu schreiben, wie sie es möchte – sich durch Welten, Sprachen und Zeit, durch Gesellschaften, Gemeinschaften und Politik zu bewegen. Ein Roman kann endlos kompliziert und vielschichtig sein, und dies heißt nicht dasselbe wie vage, aufgebauscht oder willkürlich. Für mich ist ein Roman verantwortungsvolle Freiheit. Echte, uneingeschränkte Azadi – Freiheit. Einige der Essays in diesem Band sind mit den Augen einer Romanschriftstellerin aus dem Universum ihrer Romane heraus geschrieben worden. Einige von ihnen handeln davon, wie sich die Fiktion mit der Welt vereint und zur Welt wird. Alle wurden zwischen 2018 und 2020 geschrieben, zwei Jahre, die sich in Indien wie 200 anfühlten. In dieser Zeit, in der sich die Corona-Pandemie durch uns hindurchbrennt, schreitet unsere Welt durch eine Pforte. Wir haben eine Reise an einen Ort unternommen, und es erscheint unwahrscheinlich, dass wir von diesem Ort zurückkehren können, zumindest nicht, ohne einen harten Bruch mit der Vergangenheit vollzogen zu haben, mit der sozialen, politischen, wirtschaftlichen und ideologischen Vergangenheit.

Azadi heißt Freiheit

Inhalt

Über Arundhati Roy

Über dieses Buch

Impressum

Endnoten

Einleitung