Java® For Dummies®, 8^th Edition

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Library of Congress Control Number: 2022932287

ISBN: 978-1-119-86164-5; 978-1-119-86165-2 (ebk); 978-1-119-86168-3 (ebk)

Java® For Dummies®

To view this book's Cheat Sheet, simply go to www.dummies.com and search for “Java For Dummies Cheat Sheet” in the Search box.

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Introduction

About This Book
Foolish Assumptions
Icons Used in This Book
Beyond the Book
Where to Go from Here

Part 1: Getting Started with Java

Chapter 1: All about Java
1. What You Can Do with Java
2. Why You Should Use Java
3. Gaining Perspective: Where Java Fits In
4. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
5. What’s Next?
Chapter 2: All about Software
1. Get Ready for Java
2. The Inside Scoop
3. Developing Software
4. Spoiler Alert!
Chapter 3: Using the Basic Building Blocks
1. Speaking the Java Language
2. Checking Out Java Code for the First Time
3. Understanding a Simple Java Program
4. And Now, a Few Comments

Part 2: Writing Your Own Java Programs

Chapter 4: Making the Most of Variables and Their Values
1. Varying a Variable
2. Experimenting with JShell
3. What Happened to All the Cool Visual Effects?
4. The Atoms: Java's Primitive Types
5. The Molecules and Compounds: Reference Types
6. An Import Declaration
7. Creating New Values by Applying Operators
Chapter 5: Controlling Program Flow with Decision-Making Statements
1. Making Decisions (Java if Statements)
2. Using Blocks in JShell
3. Forming Conditions with Comparisons and Logical Operators
4. The Nesting Habits of if Statements
5. Choosing among Many Alternatives
Chapter 6: Controlling Program Flow with Loops
1. Repeating Instructions Over and Over Again (Java while Statements)
2. Count On Me
3. You Can Always Get What You Want

Part 3: Working with the Big Picture: Object-Oriented Programming

Chapter 7: The Inside scOOP
1. Defining a Class (What It Means to Be an Account)
2. Defining a Method within a Class (Displaying an Account)
3. Sending Values to and from Methods (Calculating Interest)
4. Giving Your Numbers a Makeover
5. Hide-and-Seek
6. Barry's Own GUI Class
Chapter 8: Saving Time and Money: Reusing Existing Code
1. What It Means to Be an Employee
2. Working with Disk Files (a Brief Detour)
3. Defining Subclasses (What It Means to Be a Full-Time or Part-Time Employee)
4. Using Subclasses
5. Changing the Payments for Only Some of the Employees
Chapter 9: Constructing New Objects
1. Defining Constructors (What It Means to Be a Temperature)
2. Doing Something about the Weather
3. A Constructor That Does More

Part 4: Smart Java Techniques

Chapter 10: Putting Variables and Methods Where They Belong
1. Defining a Class (What It Means to Be a Baseball Player)
2. Making Static (Finding the Team Average)
3. Experiments with Variables
4. Passing Parameters
Chapter 11: Using Arrays to Juggle Values
1. Getting Your Ducks All in a Row
2. Arrays of Objects
3. How to Argue with Your Code
Chapter 12: Using Collections and Streams (When Arrays Aren't Good Enough)
1. Arrays Have Limitations
2. Collection Classes to the Rescue
3. Functional Programming
Chapter 13: Looking Good When Things Take Unexpected Turns
1. Garbage In
2. The Buck Stops Here, Except When It Doesn't
3. Try, Try Again!
Chapter 14: Sharing Names among the Parts of a Java Program
1. Access Modifiers
2. Classes and Their Members
3. Public and Private Access for Members
4. Default Access for Members
5. Protected Access for Members
6. Access Modifiers for Java Classes
7. From Classes Come Modules
Chapter 15: Fancy Reference Types
1. Java's Types
2. The Java Interface
3. Abstract Classes
4. Relax! You're Not Seeing Double!
Chapter 16: Java's Juggling Act
1. Juggling Two or More Calls
2. Some Events Aren't Button Clicks
3. The Inner Sanctum
Chapter 17: Using Java Database Connectivity
1. Creating a Database and a Table
2. Putting Data in the Table
3. Retrieving Data
4. Destroying Data
5. One Step Beyond

Part 5: The Part of Tens

Chapter 18: Ten Packs of Java Websites
1. This Book’s Website
2. For Business Issues Related to This Book
3. Download the Java Development Kit
4. Your Grandparents' Java Download Site
5. The Horse’s Mouth
6. Join Java User Groups
7. Find the Latest News about Java
8. Find News, Reviews, and Sample Code
9. Got a Technical Question about Anything?
10. Become Involved in the Future of Java
Chapter 19: Ten Bits of Advice for New Software Developers
1. How Long Does It Take to Learn Java?
2. Which of Your Books Should I Read?
3. Are Books Other than Yours Good for Learning Java and Android Development?
4. Which Computer Programming Language(s) Should I Learn?
5. Which Skills Other than Computer Coding Should I Learn?
6. How Should I Continue My Learning as a Software Developer?
7. How Else Should I Continue My Learning as a Developer?
8. How Can I Land a Job Developing Software?
9. I Still Don’t Know What to Do with My Life
10. If I Have Other Questions, How Can I Contact You?

Index

About the Author

Connect with Dummies

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

TABLE 1-1 A Table of Accounts

Chapter 4

TABLE 4-1 Java’s Primitive Types

Chapter 5

TABLE 5-1 Comparison Operators
TABLE 5-2 Logical Operators

Chapter 7

TABLE 7-1 Without Object-Oriented Programming
TABLE 7-2 The Object-Oriented Way

Chapter 11

TABLE 11-1 Escape Sequences

Chapter 12

TABLE 12-1 Some Collection Classes
TABLE 12-2 A Few Kinds of Lambda Expressions
TABLE 12-3 Some Functional Programming Methods

Chapter 15

TABLE 15-1 Using (or Not Using) Abstract Methods

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

FIGURE 1-1: Terminology in object-oriented programming.

Chapter 2

FIGURE 2-1: An imaginary meeting of the UN Security Council.
FIGURE 2-2: Developing a Java program.
FIGURE 2-3: Who does what with which code?

Chapter 3

FIGURE 3-1: Running the program in Listing 3-1.
FIGURE 3-2: A Java program is a class.
FIGURE 3-3: The main method.
FIGURE 3-4: A Java statement.
FIGURE 3-5: Calling the System.out.println method.
FIGURE 3-6: An outline turns into a Java program.
FIGURE 3-7: A class is bigger than a method; a method is bigger than a statemen...
FIGURE 3-8: The javadoc page generated from the code in Listing 3-6.

Chapter 4

FIGURE 4-1: A variable (before and after).
FIGURE 4-2: The action of the first line in Listing 4-1.
FIGURE 4-3: The action of the second line in Listing 4-1.
FIGURE 4-4: An extreme close-up of eight black and white screen pixels.
FIGURE 4-5: Running the program in Listing 4-2.
FIGURE 4-6: Save the Brickenchickers.
FIGURE 4-7: An intimate conversation between JShell and me.
FIGURE 4-8: An exciting run of the program of Listing 4-4 as it appears in Inte...
FIGURE 4-9: The Brickenchicker dectuplets strike again.
FIGURE 4-10: An empty frame.
FIGURE 4-11: The variable myFrame refers to an instance of the JFrame class.
FIGURE 4-12: Change for $2.48.
FIGURE 4-13: Using preincrement.
FIGURE 4-14: A run of the code in Figure 4-13.
FIGURE 4-15: Using postincrement.
FIGURE 4-16: A run of the code in Figure 4-15.
FIGURE 4-17: A run of the code in Listing 4-8.

Chapter 5

FIGURE 5-1: Two runs of the guessing game.
FIGURE 5-2: An if statement is like a fork in the road.
FIGURE 5-3: Two runs of the game in Listing 5-2.
FIGURE 5-4: The results of using == and using Java’s equals method.
FIGURE 5-5: Several runs of the code from Listing 5-4.
FIGURE 5-6: Three runs of the code in Listing 5-5.
FIGURE 5-7: Don't eat with this fork.
FIGURE 5-8: Running the code from Listing 5-6 two times.
FIGURE 5-9: The big fork in the code of Listing 5-6.
FIGURE 5-10: Running the code of Listing 5-9 four times.

Chapter 6

FIGURE 6-1: Play until you drop.
FIGURE 6-2: Around and around you go.
FIGURE 6-3: Counting to ten.
FIGURE 6-4: The action of the for loop in Listing 6-2.
FIGURE 6-5: Two runs of the code in Listing 6-4.
FIGURE 6-6: Here we go loop, do loop.

Chapter 7

FIGURE 7-1: Two objects.
FIGURE 7-2: Before and after a constructor is called.
FIGURE 7-3: Running the code in Listings 7-1 and 7-2.
FIGURE 7-4: Running the code in Listings 7-5 and 7-6.
FIGURE 7-5: My account and your account.
FIGURE 7-6: Passing a value to a method.
FIGURE 7-7: The flow of control in Listings 7-5 and 7-6.
FIGURE 7-8: A method call is an expression with a value.
FIGURE 7-9: Numbers that look like dollar amounts.
FIGURE 7-10: Using a format string.
FIGURE 7-11: Adding extra places to display a value.
FIGURE 7-12: Displaying a value without specifying the exact number of places.
FIGURE 7-13: Specifying too few places to display a value.
FIGURE 7-14: Displaying more than one value with a format string.
FIGURE 7-15: The code in Listing 7-10 starts running.
FIGURE 7-16: The user fills in the fields.
FIGURE 7-17: The user clicks the button.
FIGURE 7-18: Look! The code in Listing 7-11 actually works!
FIGURE 7-19: I win!
FIGURE 7-20: I'm rich.

Chapter 8

FIGURE 8-1: Three calls to the payOneEmployee method.
FIGURE 8-2: Everybody gets paid.
FIGURE 8-3: An Employee Info.txt file.
FIGURE 8-4: Calling nextDouble and nextLine.
FIGURE 8-5: The Employee class family tree.
FIGURE 8-6: I earn a lot more than Steve.
FIGURE 8-7: Matching parameters.
FIGURE 8-8: A tree of classes.
FIGURE 8-9: Method findPayment Amount isn’t inherited.
FIGURE 8-10: Running the code of Listing 8-8.

Chapter 9

FIGURE 9-1: Running the code from Listing 9-3.
FIGURE 9-2: What this.number and number mean.
FIGURE 9-3: Don’t panic.

Chapter 10

FIGURE 10-1: Would you bet money on these people?
FIGURE 10-2: What a team!
FIGURE 10-3: A class and its objects.
FIGURE 10-4: A shrunken frame.
FIGURE 10-5: Some static and nonstatic fields and methods.
FIGURE 10-6: A run of the code in Listing 10-5.
FIGURE 10-7: A run of the code in Listings 10-6 and 10-7.
FIGURE 10-8: The structure of the code in Listings 10-6 and 10-7.
FIGURE 10-9: A run of the code in Listings 10-8 and 10-9.
FIGURE 10-10: The structure of the code in Listings 10-8 and 10-9.
FIGURE 10-11: Pass by value, under the hood.
FIGURE 10-12: Pass by reference, under the hood.
FIGURE 10-13: The doBirth method creates a City instance.
FIGURE 10-14: The new City instance is assigned to the smackoverAR variable.

Chapter 11

FIGURE 11-1: An abstract snapshot of rooms in the Java Motel.
FIGURE 11-2: Two steps in creating an array.
FIGURE 11-3: The GuestList.txt file.
FIGURE 11-4: Running the code from Listing 11-1.
FIGURE 11-5: Filling vacancies.
FIGURE 11-6: Another abstract snapshot of rooms in the Java Motel.
FIGURE 11-7: A file of Room data.
FIGURE 11-8: A run of the code in Listing 11-6.
FIGURE 11-9: Steps in creating an array of objects.
FIGURE 11-10: A run of the code in Listing 11-7.
FIGURE 11-11: The code in Listing 11-7 tells you how to run it.

Chapter 12

FIGURE 12-1: Several names in a file.
FIGURE 12-2: The code in Listing 12-1 changes some of the names.
FIGURE 12-3: Does the item that's being sold happen to be a DVD?
FIGURE 12-4: Add two prices.
FIGURE 12-5: A functional programming assembly line.
FIGURE 12-6: The reduce method adds two values at a time.
FIGURE 12-7: The reduce method multiplies values from an incoming stream.
FIGURE 12-8: Getting all DVD sales.
FIGURE 12-9: Getting the price from each DVD sale.
FIGURE 12-10: Getting the total price of all DVD sales.

Chapter 13

FIGURE 13-1: Three separate runs of the code in Listing 13-1.
FIGURE 13-2: Throwing, passing, and catching an exception.
FIGURE 13-3: Three runs of the code in Listing 13-2.
FIGURE 13-4: Java's stack trace.
FIGURE 13-5: Three runs of the code from Listings 13-3 and 13-4.
FIGURE 13-6: Four runs of the code from Listing 13-6.
FIGURE 13-7: No exception is thrown.
FIGURE 13-8: Java throws a NumberFormatException.
FIGURE 13-9: Java throws an OutOfRangeException.
FIGURE 13-10: Java throws a NumberTooLargeException.
FIGURE 13-11: Java throws an ArithmeticException.
FIGURE 13-12: With and without an EmployeeInfo.txt file.
FIGURE 13-13: Payroll completed? Maybe yes, maybe no.
FIGURE 13-14: You'll hear from our lawyers!

Chapter 14

FIGURE 14-1: Several classes and their subclasses.
FIGURE 14-2: The range of code in which a public field or method can be used (s...
FIGURE 14-3: The range of code in which a private field or method can be used (...
FIGURE 14-4: An ArtFrame.
FIGURE 14-5: The files and directories in your project.
FIGURE 14-6: Another art frame.
FIGURE 14-7: The range of code in which x and y can be used (shaded).
FIGURE 14-8: The range of code in which a default field or method can be used (...
FIGURE 14-9: The range of code in which x and y can be used (shaded).
FIGURE 14-10: The range of code in which x and y can be used (shaded).
FIGURE 14-11: The range of code in which a protected field or method can be use...
FIGURE 14-12: The range of code in which x and y can be used (shaded).
FIGURE 14-13: The range of code in which x, y, width, and height can be used (s...

Chapter 15

FIGURE 15-1: The MyTable.txt file.
FIGURE 15-2: Running the code in Listing 15-5.
FIGURE 15-3: Please don't pet the Pompeii worm.

Chapter 16

FIGURE 16-1: An incorrect guess.
FIGURE 16-2: The correct guess.
FIGURE 16-3: Two Java threads.
FIGURE 16-4: US-to-UK currency.
FIGURE 16-5: Using the combo box.
FIGURE 16-6: UK-to-US currency.
FIGURE 16-7: Junk in; junk out.

Chapter 17

FIGURE 17-1: Two deadbeat customers.
FIGURE 17-2: Retrieving data from the database.

Introduction

What's all the fuss about Java? To help answer that question, I offer a few facts:

More than a third of the world's programmers use Java as one of their primary programming languages. That's at least 5.2 million programmers. And Java powers more than 52 percent of the world's back-end web services.^*
Ninety percent of all Fortune 500 companies use Java.^**
Websites that use Java include Google, YouTube, LinkedIn, Amazon, and eBay.^***
In 2021, Glassdoor, Inc., ranked jobs based on earnings potential, job satisfaction, and number of available job openings. Among the company's “50 Best Jobs in America for 2021,” a career as a Java developer ranked number one.^****

Sounds good. Right?

Please, read on.

^* https://blog.jetbrains.com/idea/2020/09/a-picture-of-java-in-2020
^** https://blogs.oracle.com/oracleuniversity/post/why-does-java-remain-so-popular
^*** www.frgconsulting.com/blog/why-is-java-so-popular-developers
^**** www.glassdoor.com/List/Best-Jobs-in-America-LST_KQ0,20.htm

About This Book

This book isn't the usual dry techie guide. It's written for normal human beings — people with little or no programming experience. In this book, I divide Java into manageable chunks. Each chunk is (more or less) a chapter on its own. I explain concepts in plain language using complete code examples that you can download and run. I keep each code example focused on a few key concepts. I resist the urge to use fancy tricks that impress professional programmers. I expand on concepts that may be difficult for newcomers. I add diagrams to help you visualize important ideas. I provide exercises with each chapter along with solutions to the exercises on the book's website.

Finally, and most importantly — and without question the most significant of all this book's features — I throw in some jokes. I've written some good jokes and lots of bad jokes. (I should say “lots and lots” of bad jokes.) I've hidden Easter eggs in the text. I've added anecdotes about all kinds of topics. Some of the anecdotes are true, and many of them are … well, you figure it out.

Foolish Assumptions

In this book, I make a few assumptions about you, the reader. If one of these assumptions is incorrect, you’re probably okay. If all these assumptions are incorrect, please buy the book anyway:

I assume that you have access to a computer. Here’s the good news: You can run most of the code in this book on almost any computer. The only computers you can’t use to run this code are ancient boxes that are more than ten years old (give or take a few years).
I assume that you can navigate your computer’s common menus and dialog boxes. You don’t have to be a Windows, Linux, or Macintosh power user, but you should be able to start a program, find a file, put a file into a certain directory — that sort of thing. Most of the time, when you follow instructions in this book, you’re typing code on the keyboard, not pointing-and-clicking the mouse.
I assume that you can think logically. That’s all there is to programming in Java — thinking logically. If you can think logically, you have it made. If you don’t believe that you can think logically, read on. You may be pleasantly surprised.
I make few assumptions about your computer programming experience (or your lack of such experience). In writing this book, I’ve tried to do the impossible: Make the book interesting for experienced programmers yet accessible to people with little or no programming experience. So I assume no particular programming background on your part. If you’ve never created a loop or indexed an array, that’s okay.

On the other hand, if you’ve done these things (maybe in Visual Basic, Python, or C++), you’ll discover some interesting plot twists in Java. The developers of Java took the best ideas in object-oriented programming, streamlined them, reworked them, and reorganized them into a sleek, powerful way of thinking about problems. You’ll find many new, thought-provoking features in Java. As you find out about these features, many of them will seem quite natural to you. One way or another, you’ll feel good about using Java.

Icons Used in This Book

If you could watch me write this book, you’d see me sitting at my computer, talking to myself. I say each sentence in my head. Most of the sentences, I mutter several times. When I have an extra thought or a side comment that doesn’t belong in the regular stream, I twist my head a little bit. That way, whoever’s listening to me (usually, nobody) knows that I’m off on a momentary tangent.

Of course, in print, you can’t see me twisting my head. I need some other way to set a side thought in a corner by itself. I do it with icons. When you see a Tip icon or a Remember icon, you know that I’m taking a quick detour.

Here’s a list of icons that I use in this book:

A tip is an extra piece of information — a helpful tidbit that the other books may forget to tell you.

Everyone makes mistakes. Heaven knows that I’ve made a few in my time. Anyway, when I think people are especially prone to make a mistake, I mark it with a Warning icon.

Sometimes I want to hire a skywriting airplane crew. “Barry,” says the white smoky cloud, “if you want to compare two numbers, use the double equal sign. Please don’t forget to do this.” Because I can’t afford skywriting, I have to settle for a more modest option: I create a paragraph marked with the Remember icon.

“If you don’t remember what such-and-such means, see blah-blah-blah,” or “For more information, read blahbity-blah-blah.”

Writing computer code is an activity, and the best way to learn an activity is to practice it. That's why I've created things for you to try in order to reinforce your knowledge. Many of these are confidence-builders, and some are more challenging. When you first start putting concepts into practice, you'll discover all kinds of issues, quandaries, and roadblocks that didn't occur to you when you started reading about the material. But that's a good thing. Keep at it! Don't become frustrated. Or, if you do become frustrated, visit this book's website (http://javafordummies.allmycode.com) for hints and solutions.

This icon calls attention to useful material that you can find online. Check it out!

Occasionally, I run across a technical tidbit. The tidbit may help you understand what the people behind the scenes (the people who developed Java) were thinking. You don’t have to read it, but you may find it useful. You may also find the tidbit helpful if you plan to read other (geekier) books about Java.

Beyond the Book

In addition to what you’re reading right now, this book comes with a free, access-anywhere Cheat Sheet containing code that you can copy and paste into your own Java program. To get this Cheat Sheet, simply go to www.dummies.com and type Java For Dummies Cheat Sheet in the Search box.

Where to Go from Here

If you’ve gotten this far, you’re ready to start reading about Java application development. Think of me (the author) as your guide, your host, your personal assistant. I do everything I can to keep things interesting and, most importantly, to help you understand.

If you like what you read, send me a note. My email address, which I created just for comments and questions about this book, is JavaForDummies@allmycode.com. If email and chat aren’t your favorites, you can reach me instead on Twitter (@allmycode) and on Facebook (www.facebook.com/allmycode). And don’t forget — for the latest updates, visit this book’s website. The site’s address is http://javafordummies.allmycode.com.

Part 1

Getting Started with Java

IN THIS PART …

Install the software you need for developing Java programs.

Find out how Java fits into today’s technology scene.

Run your first complete Java program.