Der Boden, die dünne Haut der Erde, musste und muss alle menschliche Zivilisation tragen und ernähren. Und doch findet kaum Beachtung, dass alljährlich Milliarden Tonnen fruchtbaren Bodens verloren gehen. Eine Einführung in die kulturelle Dimension eines Stoffes, den wir wie den letzten Dreck behandeln – obwohl er unverzichtbar ist.
Charles Darwin bezeichnete sie als die Gärtner der Natur: Dabei sind Regenwürmer nicht die einzigen Helden im lichtlosen Dunkel. In gesundem Boden blüht das Leben, er ist ein wahres Wunderwerk der Natur. Ein kleines Abc des Bodens, ein Porträt der unbekannten Welt zu unseren Füßen.
Die Erfindung des Ackerbaus revolutionierte die Welt. Doch er schuf nicht nur die Voraussetzung für den Aufstieg der Menschheit. Als die Menschen entlang großer Flusstäler sesshaft wurden, begannen auch Verbrauch und Zerstörung der Böden. Eine (Zeit-)Reise vom Zweistromland über das Alte Ägypten bis nach Fernost an die Ufer des Gelben Flusses.
Der biblische Garten Eden ist längst Geschichte. Entwaldung und Ackerbau während der griechischen und römischen Antike haben dem einst blühenden Land um das Mittelmeer schwer zugesetzt. Jenseits des Atlantiks betrieben auch die präkolumbianischen Hochkulturen Raubbau an den natürlichen Ressourcen und leiteten damit ihren eigenen Niedergang ein.
In weiten Teilen Mitteleuropas trifft der Ackerbau auf exzellente Bedingungen. Die fruchtbaren Böden ermöglichten den einzigartigen Aufstieg hoch entwickelter Kulturen und mächtiger Staaten. Aber auch die Europäer vernachlässigten die Bodenpflege, fanden jedoch in Übersee eine Lösung für ihre Ressourcenprobleme: Die Kolonien ernährten von nun an den alten Kontinent.
Auf den Sklavenplantagen der Südstaaten entstehen ab dem 17. Jahrhundert endlose Monokulturen aus Tabak und Baumwolle – mit verheerenden Folgen für die dortigen Böden. Doch die neu entdeckte Welt bietet Land im Überfluss und die Siedler ziehen weiter nach Westen. Das verschwenderische System wird zum Motor für die Erschließung des nordamerikanischen Kontinents.
Oklahoma in den 1930ern: Über weiten Teilen des Mittleren Westens herrscht eine verheerende Dürre. Der Wind trägt die fruchtbare Ackerkrume fort, die Prärie versinkt im Staub. Doch nicht nur Amerika erlebt seine Dust Bowl. In den 1960ern erntet auch die sowjetische Aralsee-Region die bitteren Früchte einer gewinnorientierten, industrialisierten Landwirtschaft.
Brache, Fruchtwechsel und Dung haben ausgedient, revolutionäre Erkenntnisse in Wissenschaft und Technik lassen den Boden zur Fabrik verkommen. Die Chemie erobert die Äcker, das Haber-Bosch-Verfahren beendet das bewährte Zusammen spiel von Ackerbau und Viehzucht, der Grünen Revolution der Moderne wird der Boden bereitet. Doch es regt sich Widerstand: Pioniere alternativer Landbaukonzepte bestellen ihre Felder bodenschonend.
Inselgesellschaften verdeutlichen, dass die Erde letztlich auch nicht mehr ist als eine Oase im Weltall, die nur dank einer dünnen fruchtbaren Haut bewohnbar ist. Historische und aktuelle Beispiele aus den endlosen Weiten des Pazifiks, der Karibik und aus den unwirtlichen Breiten des Nordatlantiks zeigen, welche Wege die Inselbewohner eingeschlagen haben – Wege zwischen Nachhaltigkeit und Raubbau.
Unsere Zivilisation überlebt nur dann, wenn sie den Boden wie ein wertvolles Erbe behandelt – und nicht wie den letzten Dreck. Wie sieht die Zukunft unserer Böden aus? Wie viele Menschen kann unsere Erde (noch) ernähren? Konzepte und Ideen für eine nachhaltige Landbewirtschaftung vom pfluglosen Anbau bis zur Urbanen Landwirtschaft.
Danksagung
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Dreck – Warum unsere Zivilisation den Boden unter den Füßen verliert in der Reihe ›Stoffgeschichten‹
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»Dirt: The Erosion of Civilizations«
© 2007 The Regents of the University of California published by arrangement with University of California Press
Übersetzung aus dem Englischen: Eva Walter
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