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Bibliographic information of the German National Library:
The German National Library registers this publication in the German National Bibliography; detailed bibliographic data is available on the internet website http://dnb.d-nb.de.

All information provided in this book is based on the author’s research and best knowledge. Please use all suggestions and advice with utmost care. Neither the publisher nor the author will be held liable for any damage to persons, materials or for any other type of material or immaterial damage which might incur due to the use of materials or methods presented in this book.

The information provided in this book is no substitute for a thorough examination of your cat(s) by a veterinarian or qualified behavior therapist for animals.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the author.

About the Author

Cat behavior therapist Christine Hauschild helps cat owners to gain a better understanding of their cats and offers strategies for curing behavioral problems and abnormal behavior. Besides all aspects of house-soiling, the most common issues she deals with are aggression against humans or cats of the same household, demonstrative vocalization, overgrooming, excessive scratch marking and anxieties. Christine Hauschild regularly conducts seminars for cat owners, covering a wide range of topics, such as exciting entertainment for kitties, responsible cat ownership, strategies against inappropriate elimination and clicker training. The latter is also covered in her second book, Trick Training for Cats - Smart Fun with the Clicker, which will be published in spring 2011.

Christine Hauschild lives in Hamburg (Germany) with her two cats Eazy and ZsaZsi.

In my case studies, I use many cat names I learned from friends and acquaintances, but also from clients. With the exception of litter throwing champion Easy, none of these cats have done or experienced what is described in this book. However, all stories told from the cats’ perspective have happened to one of their fellow felines in exactly the manner depicted here.

Preface

Some time ago, I received a phone call from a lady living in one of the better neighborhoods in town. She asked me for help, telling me about her male cat Jocky, who she had taken in a year before as a sick stray. Ever since, Jocky had lived with her and her other cat Gina. No deep friendship had developed between Gina and Jocky. They merely tolerated each other with the odd dispute, and their owner had probably worried for some time about the not-so-happy relationship between the two cats.

Now she claimed not to know what to do. She said Jocky had begun to soil the house, which was the last straw for her. No one among her friends wanted to take him, and several veterinarians she had consulted had refused to euthanize him. When I probed her about how bad this house soiling actually was, I was shocked. Jocky had suffered from diarrhea once and relieved himself on the carpet. Another time he had thrown up some grass and hair on the couch. That was all.

We made an appointment for me to visit her house, so I could examine Gina’s and Jocky’s relationship more closely to improve it with suitable measures. I also hoped to be able to put in a good word for little Jocky in regard to his alleged house-soiling. The appointment was canceled by his owner. She stated that a colleague had offered to adopt Jocky. I very much hope that this colleague of hers does actually exist, and that Jocky has found a new home where he can be what he is – a normal cat!

In the context of my work as a cat psychologist, I am frequently called by desperate people who tell me about their cats’ inappropriate elimination problems. About thirty to forty percent of my patients fall into this category, and I am glad that most cat owners are the exact opposite of the aforementioned lady. I have great respect for the patience many people show in dealing with their cats, and for how long they put up with their “unclean” cats – if only because they don’t know any methods for curing them. At the same time, these are also the cases in which I witness major misunderstandings between humans and their cats.

This book wishes to clear up these misunderstandings and show you how you can help your cat learn to use her litter box again. Even though I will mainly address cat owners whose cats do not use the litter box, you will also learn how to avoid inappropriate elimination right from the start.

1. Shedding Light on an Unwanted Habit: Facts about Unclean Cats

1.1 “See what it got you!” or: What does your cat want to tell you?

Inappropriate elimination is a sensitive issue. If a cat regularly avoids her litter box and urinates and/or defecates in your apartment or house, the consequences for the owners are often far-ranging. Carpets, cushions and mattresses can no longer be used by humans and must be disposed of. A certain, distinct smell is in the air, and thus acquaintances and friends are no longer invited for fear they might be put off. Often disputes between cat owners of the same household ensue about how to deal with the cat and “the issue,” but most importantly, the relationship between the cat and her owner changes. Inappropriate elimination is a very personal matter! The more personal the space and things soiled by the cat, the more personal it becomes. It is easy for us humans to draw conclusions like “I think my tom doesn’t like me anymore. He always pees on my worn clothes.” “My cat urinates on the bed if I come home more than two hours later than usual – I think she wants to punish me for leaving her alone!” “I do everything for my cat! Why does he still soil my apartment?! Maybe I’ve spoiled him too much.”

Inappropriate eliminiation is a very personal matter.

A term that is often used by cat owners (and unfortunately also by some so-called cat experts) is “protest peeing.” If a cat urinates outside the litter box, it is assumed that she does so to send her human a clear message or to express discomfort. For example that she is alone for too long, that the cat food does not meet her palate or that she is jealous of another cat or another human. This list could be continued and would become quite extensive. This is the point where I always visualize a cat’s thought process: So, you are feeding me rabbit in jelly instead of beef with sauce? And to top this, you dare occupying the living room for the entire evening with your noisy human friends? Well, I’ll show you how I feel about this. Let me think ... how can I really punish you? Alright, got it – I’m going to pee on your bed. I am sure you’ll get the message! Do you seriously think this is realistic? I don’t, for the following two reasons:

The train of thought I just described involves quite complex and abstract considerations. First, the cat must assume that it is possible to punish her human, including her reasons for “getting back” at the owner. Second, the cat must think about what is really important to the owner (the bed). Third, how could this important item be effectively damaged (e.g. by urinating on it). This entire construct eventually results in the abstract assumption that the cat might try to communicate something which does not relate to urination at all, i.e. food and visitors. As much as I believe that cats are very intelligent animals, I wouldn’t go this far.

„Protest peeing” is not a plausible concept.

In my view, the protest peeing argument is too humanizing. We humans often experience thoughts of revenge or a desire to punish others if we feel treated unfairly by them. However, cats – like all other animals – do not harbor grudges. They respond directly to their environment. They do not plan and reflect about their behavior the way we humans do when we are acting consciously – which we too, actually do only in a very limited number of situations.

For all the aforementioned reasons, the concept of protest peeing, as it is understood by most pet owners, is not plausible to me. Moreover, it significantly helps to create misunderstandings between human and cat. It is based on the premise that the “unclean” cat practices inappropriate elimination on purpose, that she has an agenda and wants to retaliate for something. If such behavior should qualify merely as self-expression, why can’t the cat choose another method of expressing herself? Humans who interpret their cats’ inappropriate elimination in this way feel often provoked and become angry. The urine-stained carpet becomes a personal affront – and a cat who acts like that gets left alone. Loving attention and petting sessions are not exactly high on the priority list of cat owners when they feel hurt and outraged. The human-cat relationship suffers immensely.

But if the cat’s behavior does not qualify as protest peeing, why does she do it? Why does kitty pee, of all things, always on the living room carpet? Why does Mr. Cat always relieve himself inside the shoes left in the hall whenever you forgot to store them away? Are you sure he doesn’t want to tell you that you shouldn’t leave out those shoes anymore?

Cats have cat reasons for inappropriate eliminiation.

I am convinced that there are always reasons for why cats eliminate inappropriately, but certainly not for reasons of protest, as humans understand it, but for cat reasons. After all, your cat is a cat and not a human being. Cat reasons for inappropriate elimination are closely linked to a cat’s well-being in her environment and to her cat-specific needs. They range from (unidentified) illnesses to the wrong place for the litter box, to stress and fear.

1.2 Punishment

Lilly tells her story:
“A couple of months ago I was going through a very rough time. My stomach hurt badly, and most painfully so when I urinated. I was constantly suffering from the urge to pee – actually, I didn’t always make it to the box in time, because it hurt so much. And all of a sudden, my human became unpredictable. When he came home, he was always tense and not as friendly as before. Sometimes he would grab me and even press my head down on the floor. Once he took me by the neck, carried me into the living room, where he yelled and shook me thoroughly. Why did he do that? Why did he hurt and scare me?

Ever since this happened, I can no longer relax when he takes me in his arms. Often enough he is rather kind; he pets me and whispers things into my ear, but I am never sure he won’t treat me roughly the next moment. So I have begun to wait in a safe place under the couch before I greet him. First I have to make sure that he is relaxed and in a good mood.”

While cat owners will usually and generously overlook a single “accident,” their cat’s recurring or prolonged inappropriate elimination will sooner or later trigger strong emotions. Besides hurt feelings ("Why is she doing this to me?”) and despair ("I am at the end of my rope. I don’t know what to do to make her stop!”), many owners will also experience a substantial amount of anger. Personally, I can relate to this. It is more than annoying if you have to throw out the brand-new carpet or your favorite pair of shoes. It is time-consuming and expensive to replace or restore ruined wallpaper or furniture.

Nevertheless, anger is not a good advisor for how to deal with the culprit, because it often leads to punishment. Even usually loving cat owners, if they are extremely angry, will sometimes resort to archaic “educational methods,” the most popular of which is to grab the cat upon discovering a urine puddle, carry her there and scold her. Some cat owners take this procedure a step further and rub the cat’s nose into the puddle or the feces. In many cases, the cat will also be carried to the site of the “mistake,” where she is then verbally admonished, gets smacked on her behind or is subjected to some other form of physical punishment.

Anger is not a good advisor.

I do not wish to morally judge here. Instead, I would like to point out two entirely pragmatic reasons against punishment.

About the Author

Contents

Preface

1. Shedding Light on an Unwanted Habit: Facts about Unclean Cats

1.1 “See what it got you!” or: What does your cat want to tell you?

1.2 Punishment