Fredmund Malik
Strategy
Navigating the Complexity of the New World
Translated from German by Jutta Scherer,
js textworks (Munich, Germany)
Campus Verlag
Frankfurt/New York
About the book
Reliable Strategies for Mastering the Great Transformation21
The development of Fredmund Malik’s strategic framework was a result of his early realization that both business and society are experiencing one of the greatest transformations in history – a process he calls »The Great Transformation21«.
Malik noticed and addressed the financial and debt crisis from the outset. He was one of the first to realize that its primary causes were neoliberalism and a misplaced focus on shareholder value. This focus caused leaders to pursue the wrong strategies, eventually resulting in one of the greatest misallocations of economic and social resources in history. In response, Malik devised innovative strategic tools that allow the crisis to be used as a springboard for repositioning organizations and enacting structural reform. Precisely addressing the complexity of strategic challenges, Malik’s management framework provides a comprehensive toolkit that facilitates the successful navigation of organizations in any economic environment.
Vita
Fredmund Malik is one of Europe’s leading authorities on management. The bestselling author’s work represents a standard of professional management that can be both taught and learnt. Malik’s thinking goes beyond economics and draws inspiration from modern sciences of complexity, particularly cybernetics. He is an expert on corporate governance practice and an adviser to executives at the highest levels of international leadership. Fredmund Malik was Professor at the Swiss University of St. Gallen and Guest Professor at the Austrian University of Economics and Business in Vienna. He is Honorary Professor at three renowned Chinese universities and member of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts. His honors include the Heinz von Foerster Prize for Organizational Cybernetics and the Austrian Award of Honor for Science and the Arts, awarded for his wholistic management systems.
How I Look at Management
Right and Good Management, in My Definition, Is…
… the function of society which enables its organizations and systems to function properly
Management—Mastering Complexity
Management—Operating System for Organizations
Management—Profession of Effectiveness.
Preface
Strategic Solutions for REvolutions
The New Challenges
The Right Knowledge
Chapter Introduction
The Right Strategy for the Great Transformation21
The Revolution in the Great Transformation21
Innovative, Intelligent and Right Solutions
Strategy: Navigating Effectively Through the Complexity of the Great Transformation21
Key Propositions
A Word On the Terms Used
Part I:Strategy for the Great Transformation21
Chapter 1
What Strategy Looks Like When the Future is Unknown
Chapter 2
The Great Transformation21
The Old World Ends as a New World Is Born
Megachange in Megasystems
The Current Crisis as the New World’s Birth Pangs
It Takes More than Economics to Understand the Global Economic Crisis
Anglo-Saxon Corporate Governance—A Machine of Destruction
Complexity and Management Crisis: The Absence of Neuronal Systems
Third Act of the Crisis: Deflation
The New Way of Functioning: Mastering Complexity
Chapter 3
When You Do Not Know What You Need to Know: The Minefield of Strategic Errors
Strategic Delusion by Operational Data
The Right Kind of Information Is Lacking
Conventional Strategic Wisdom Is Wrong
Too Much Emphasis on Financial Figures
Misleading Time Horizons
Profit, Fitness, Viability
Operational and Strategic
Operational and Strategic Management
1.Operational data are systematically misleading in corporate management.
2.The control and information systems used by business economics, in particular finance and accounting, provide operational data only.
3.The brighter the picture painted by operational data, the greater the risk of strategic mistakes.
4.Strategic mistakes are irreversible.
5.Strategic mistakes cannot be corrected because time is working against you.
6.Operational data are strategically insignificant because they cannot support or refute a strategy.
7.What may appear reasonable based on operational data can be utterly wrong strategically—and vice versa.
Strategic Thinking Traps
Why Growth is Not an Aim but a Result
Size Will Have Two Faces
Diversification Requires Skillful Complexity Management
Eliminating Deficiencies is Hardly a Strategic Goal
Right Strategies are Resistant to Inaccurate Data
The Best Strategies Do Not Depend on Forecasts
Buzzwords and Empty Phrases Get in the Way of Good Strategies
Part II:Strategy as Master Control in the Wholistic Management Systems
Chapter 1
Making Companies Function Well
Enhancing Management Impact Through Management Support Systems
Right and Good Management—Universally Valid
Management, Financial Markets, and Alpinism
A Practical Hint for Readers in the Know
What are Master Controls?
The Basic Management Model and Its Basic Concepts
Management of Institutions: The General Management Model
Management of People: The Standard Model of Effectiveness, or “Management Wheel”
The Integrated Management System—IMS
Integrated Strategy as a Top Cross-Divisional Function
Chapter 2
Providing Direction Through Corporate Policy and Business Mission
The Right Purpose
Using the Corporate Purpose to Self-Program for Success
Focus on a Healthy Business
What is Our Purpose?
The Right Mission
The Three Elements of the Right Business Mission
What the World Lacks: The Need
Where We Are Better Than Others: The Skills
What Moves Us Deep Inside: The Beliefs
Emerging From the Interaction of Elements: The New Whole
Business Mission in a Systemic Overview
Focus as an Effect of Master Control
The Right Performance
Central Performance Control (CPC)
The CPC Complex and Its Threefold Function
Part III:Mastering Complexity Through Reliable Navigation in Any Circumstance
Chapter 1
Revolutionizing Strategic Navigation
The Malik-Gälweiler Navigation System
The Right Strategy for a Future Unknown
Putting an End to Arbitrariness in Strategy Design
Looking Further Into the Future—Without Forecasts
Time Constants and System Dead Time
Limitations of the Market Economy: Why Economists Do Not See Far Enough
What Must Be Monitored: Variables for Control and Orientation
Reliable Function With Cybernetic Control Systems
Chapter 2
Reliable Control Through Cybernetic Navigation
First System Level: Liquidity
Market Economy Means Survival by Paying Bills
Controlling Liquidity
Liquidity Is Always Short-Term
Looking to the Future By Switching System Levels
Protection against Preprogrammed Control Errors
Early Warning and Anticipatory Control
Second System Level: Profit
Extending the Time Horizon
Exploring the Second System Level: New Information for Orientation
Third System Level: Current Profit Potential (CPP)
From Operational to Strategic Management
Switching to the Strategic Business Unit (SBU)
Exploring the Third System Level
Quantifying Potentials: Actual ROI versus Par ROI
Experience Effect and Defendable Market Position
Quantifying Profit Potentials: PIMS Research
Fourth System Level: Future Profit Potentials (FPPs)
When Even the Best Market Share Gets You Nowhere
Greatest Innovation and Most Dangerous Competition
Exploring the Fourth System Level
Substitution Concealed by Innovation Masquerade
The Archimedean Point of Every Strategy
Coming Full Circle—Back to Corporate Purpose and Business Mission
Circle of Survival and Viability
Chapter 3
Setting the Right Strategy, Irrespective of Economic Climate: The Strategy Map
Brain-Like (Re-)Organization of Knowledge
The Strategy Map
Strategy as Interface and Cross-Border Function
Strategy Map for Right Action
The Solution-Invariant Customer Problem
Original and Derived Customer Problems
Surfing the Tidal Wave
Drivers of Megachange
Solution Technologies
Solution Technologies Existing in the Market
Own Solution Techniques
Future Solution Technologies
Socioeconomic Trends
Market Position
Market Development
Market Share Targets
Own Growth
What Makes Growth Sustainable? Distinguishing Healthy From Unhealthy Growth
Marketing Objectives
Investments and Cost Reduction Potentials
The Experience Effect
Research and Development Objectives
Finance and Balance Sheet Variables
Part IV:Following the Change: Success Factors for Your Current Business
Chapter 1
No More Blind Flying: PIMS— The High Art of Strategy Development
Strategic Leadership
The PIMS Revolution
Strategy at the Strategic Business Unit Level
Discovery of the “Laws of the Market Place”
A Brilliant Research Idea: Profits Are Driven by Structure, not the Industry
New Benchmarking Based on the Biological Pattern
The PIMS Database Suites
Universally Valid Factors Determine Seventy-five Percent of Profits
Answering Key Questions of Strategy
Eight Key Factors for Success
Chapter 2
Strategic Core Knowledge: A Cornucopia of Insights
Market Position
Stability of Results Over Time
A Seeming Anomaly Triggers Discovery of a New Factor
Is Innovating a Good Thing?
Where Many Businesses Lose Earning Power Without Even Noticing
How Important Is Market Growth?
Systemic Interconnectedness of PIMS factors
PIMS and the Six Central Performance Controls (CPC)
The Cybernetics of PIMS Strategy Development
Overview: Benefits of PIMS Findings for Top Management
Criticism of the PIMS Program
What Remains Valid in Business When Everything Changes
Chapter 3
Breaking Strategic Barriers: Three Pioneering Models From PIMS
Knowing the Potential of a Business: The PIMS Par Model
Performance Assessment, Bonuses, Staffing Decisions, and Corporate Culture
How Looks Can Deceive: Which Business Units Needs What Strategy?
Learning From Winners: The PIMS Look-Alike Model
Learning From Winners
How Everything Fits Together: MG Navigator and PIMS Par Model
The Customer Value Map: Using Customer Value and Competitiveness as Reliable Guiding Stars
The Customer Value Map: Relativity Theory of Customer Value
First Dimension: Double Relative Quality Triggers Customer Preference
How Customers See the World
Second Dimension: Relative Price
Fourfold Value Analysis: Self-Image and Public Image, Customers and Non-Customers
What Drives the Buying Decision?
Feedback Process until the Value is Right
Part V:Ahead of Change: Success Factors for Your New Business
Chapter 1
Constants in the Currents of Change
The Magic of Patterns that Connect
We, too, Will Be Replaced: Creative Destruction
Symphony of S-Curves: Seeing the Future Clearly
Simple Growth Processes
From Growth to Substitution
When Several Systems Compete for Existence
Discovering the Secret Driver of Epochal Change
Centennial Cycles: Invention—Innovation—Substitution—Exploitation
Was Kondratieff Right? The Rhythm of Long Economic Cycles
Self-Destructing and Self-Creating Systems
Chapter 2
Innovating for the Great Transformation21: How to Preprogram Success
From the Art to the Craft of Innovation
Misconceptions About Innovation
Error 1: Innovation is Made in Labs and R & D Departments
Error 2: Creativity is a Key Factor
Error 3: Innovation is Purely or Largely High-Tech
Error 4: Only Small Companies Are Innovative
Error 5: Innovation Requires a Certain Type of Personality
Chapter 3
Mastering Even the Unknown: The PIMS Start-up Strategy
Start-ups as a Synthesis of Several Arts: The Secrets of Innovation Success
What Makes a Business New?
How Long Does it Take for a Start-Up to Be Successful?
How Best to Put New Things on the Market? The Optimal Start-up Strategy
True Professionalism in Start-Up Management
Maximizing Start-Ups’ Chances of Success
The Right Environment for Start-up Businesses
Strong Growth Makes Innovation Successful
Innovating is Easier in Markets With Few Customers
Choosing the Right Strategy in the Right Environment: Knowing, Not Guessing
Aggressive Marketing is Key
Maximizing Customer Value
Pricing is Less Critical
Getting Prepared for a Second Take-off
Chapter 4
Implementing Start-up Strategies: Basic Rules for Effective Innovation
1.Go for the Top: Market Leadership and Distinct Changes
2.Make Room for New Things
3.Separate the Old From the New
a) Different Yardsticks
b) Different Budgets
c) Different Schedules
d) Different Reporting
e) Go and See for Yourself
4.Look for Opportunities in Problems
5.Ask Controllers for a Second “First Page”
6.Write Down Your Expectations
7.Determine Cut-off Points
8.Make Sure You Have the Best People
9.Run Tests
10.Strictly Focus on a Few Things
Part VI:Revolutionizing Management Methods: Strategic Approaches Without Time or Space Limits
Chapter 1
Direttissima: Taking the Most Direct Path to the Right Strategy
Chapter 2
Revolutionizing Change With the Syntegration Method
Epoch of New Leadership: Quantum Leap in the Social Technology of Functioning
Change and Innovation—Swift and Effective
What is the Syntegration Method and What Does it Accomplish?
Applications
Typical Key Questions for the Syntegration Method
Simultaneous High-Performance Approach for Solving Complex Questions
Change of Mood and Energizing the Organizational Culture
Syntegration Pays For Itself
Pushing into the Vacuum Between a Small Team And a Large-Scale Conference
Cybernetically self-regulating communication process
Non-hierarchical cooperation
The Whole and Its Parts
The “Magic Formula”
The Brain of the Firm: Brain-Like Function Through Cybernetic Interconnection
The Integrated Architecture of Syntegration
The Right Time for the Great Transformation
The Way to New Prosperity
Democracy is Reaching the Limits of Complexity
Chapter 3
The Cyber-Tools
SensiMod: The Sensitivity Model As the Organization’s GPS
Modeling the Company’s Business as a Cybernetic System
Discovering the Invisible Cybernetics of the System
The “Spaghetti Model”
Application of the CPC, Quantification With PIMS and S-Curves
The Inner Model of the Outside World
EKS: Dynamic Specialization
Successful Application Examples
EKS-Based Specialization: One Law of Nature, Four Principles, Seven Steps
The EKS Success Spiral Market Leadership and Unique Position
Management System Audit (MSA): New Ways of Functioning and Implementing
Using Traction Assistance to Produce the Right Results
What the MSA Management System Audit Can Do
What the Result Looks Like
Full Integration of Management Systems and Tools
Operations Room: Implementation With Real-Time Control
Creating the Best Conditions for Implementation
New Approaches to Implementation: Systemic Interconnectedness of Measures
Using Sensitivity Modeling to Create Systemic Balance
Implementation With Syntegration Roll-Out at Country Level
Real-Time Control From the Operations Room
Chapter 4
How Even Giants Learn to Dance: HyperSyntegration
The “Mother”-SuperSyntegration: First Generation of Change
Parallel Applications for Larger Numbers of People
From Syntegration to HyperSyntegration: Second Generation of Change
Moving Mass at the “Speed of Light”
The Universe of Exponential HyperSyntegration for Global Megachange
Appendix
Concept and Logic of the Series “Management: Mastering Complexity”
The Whole and Its Parts
Scientific Foundations
When Language Reaches Its Limits
Redundancy
Illustrations
Browser Technology
The Malik Management Systems And Their Users
Terms Used and Identities
The Beginnings
Development History
Applications and Effects
Autonomy for Management and Managers
Modularity and Interfaces
Management Systems for Self-Thinkers
Success Potential Increases with Qualification
Self-Motivation for Self-Developers
Responsibility versus Recognition
Authors and Credits
What Readers Need to Know in Order to Understand this Book Series
Success Programming Its Own Failure
When Thinking Fails to Grow With Practice
Problems Related to Success and System Laws
Old and New Sources of Knowledge and Insight
Using Cybernetics to Understand the New Solutions
Two Leaps of Evolution
New Success Levers: Taking Advantage of Complexity
Right Management Is Cybernetic Management
Glossary
Termin protected by trademark and copyright
About the Author
Selected affiliations
Selected awards
Bibliography
Index
For the early thinkers on accurate navigation
and reliable strategies for the
Great Transformation21:
Aloys Gälweiler, Cesare Marchetti und Sidney Schoeffler
Management is the driving force wherever a number of people pursue common goals they can only achieve by sharing the work and the knowledge.
Management is also the governing body in any institution of society—whether it is a business enterprise, a university, a hospital, a public authority, or any other kind of organization.
It is management’s duty to give direction to those managed. This includes thinking through the organization’s mission, determining its objectives, and organizing its resources for the results to be achieved.
Management is the organ of society which makes everything function properly.
This also includes responsible leadership and governance.
It takes right management to effectively transform a society’s resources into meaningful results and value. Under this comprehensive concept, management also includes enabling people to make their contribution to the proper functioning of their organizations. As such, management provides purpose, orientation, structure, and performance, thus implementing political and societal responsibility and ethics.
One of the greatest challenges for management is presented by the exponentially growing complexity and dynamic change of today’s globally interlinked systems. These profound changes are what I refer to as “The Great Transformation21”1.
Management, in my mind, is mastering complexity, which is why I chose this title for my six-volume book series. It is the perspective that provides the most effective access to management in all its aspects and enables us to find the best solutions.
As far as the scientific foundation is concerned, my management systems are rooted in three sciences of complexity: systemics, cybernetics, and bionics. I see systemics as the theory of the coherent whole, cybernetics as the theory of functioning, and bionics—at least the way I use it—as enabling managers to transfer nature’s evolutionary solutions to their organizations in order to maximize performance.
This is what makes my management theory so very different from conventional approaches: It provides clarity where there is currently confusion, contradiction, arbitrariness, and the indiscriminate adoption of management fashions. Above all, I have long taken the subject far beyond the teachings of business theory and business administration, which has led to fundamental management innovations and provided new solutions to a number of management problems.
In terms of its significance and impact, management is comparable to the operating systems in computers. Just like the proper function of a computer is enabled by its operating system, the proper functioning of organizations is enabled by the “operating system called management.” In my view, right management is the operating system for organizations of any size and kind—a system that is capable of evolving.
Managers are the people who fulfill this function and pursue it as a profession. This includes doing what is right for the organization, and doing it well. That is why consider management to be the profession of effectiveness in complex systems.
For people in the 21st century, it is just as important to master the basic skills of right management and self-management as reading and writing have been ever since the 18th century. Today, management is the key competence that makes people employable and effective in organizations. In any organization, accomplishments on the job are predominantly owed to what I call “right and good management”. It is the key prerequisite to ensure that, in addition to economic resources, also things like talent, intelligence, creativity, information, knowledge, and insights are transformed into results.
Management for people and management for organizations are the dimensions of applying my wholistic management systems. They help create the conditions in which people can transform their strengths into performance, and thus to be successful and to find meaning and fulfillment in their work.
St. Gallen, 2013
Fredmund Malik
This book describes my strategic solutions for the REvolutions of the New World, which—although already under way—have yet to be recognized for what they are. That is why most of the measures taken so far are ineffective, with some even having a destructive impact on society.
What I call the New World will be the result of one of the largest global transformations of business and society that has ever taken place. I call it “The Great Transformation21”.2
This transformation involves the danger of a social meltdown. At the same time, it also offers a chance for a new economic miracle to bring about a better and more humane social order where organizations function reliably.
What particular course this development will take depends, among other things, on the solutions, methods and tools that leadership elites worldwide can resort to in facing these challenges. It depends on which of the solutions at hand they can identify as genuine solutions, and which they ultimately opt for. One thing is certain: conventional means will not suffice to master the complexity of this transformation, as they have caused much of the current global crisis.
A strong driving force arises from the strategic solutions themselves that I am presenting here. They contribute their share so the upcoming revolutions will happen quickly, while—contrary to previous revolutions—manifesting itself as an innovative breakthrough rather than a violent upheaval.
They liberate us from both, long outdated forms of management and organization and the grotesque limitations of todays’s social and political problem-solving processes.
Since 2011 my “Manifesto for Corporate REvolution” has been laid down in my book Corporate Policy and Governance, the second volume in my series Management: Mastering Complexity. Many of the developments outlined there—and even before—have meanwhile materialized, first and foremost the beginning collapse of the financial system. Further profound changes, such as in technology and the sciences as well as in people’s social value structures—in particular those of the younger generation—, in their perspective on and perception of the world, have progressed to a point where they cannot be stopped anymore, so they should be accelerated instead and directed along more constructive paths wherever possible.
So, what most people believed impossible at the time of the above publications became a reality just a few years later. In 2008 I wrote that knowledge would outrank money and information would outrank power. The ongoing self-destruction of the financial system proves my first point; the ever-increasing global impact of the social media proves the second. Ruling and leading will never be the same again.
The financial crisis itself, however, will not be a central topic in this book. I have published everything that needed to be said in this respect in the course of the past 15 years; now I let the facts speak for themselves. The scenarios I have presented—some of them as early as in the 1990s—have come true. The basic pattern of this development is “deflationary depression”, accompanied by social impoverishment and revolution—that is, unless economists and politicians do a radical rethink and change their course of action. That is why this book is dominated not so much by analyses as it is by solutions and the tools required for implementation.
The knowledge society in the stricter sense is another topic I will not elaborate on here. I have addressed it in my book Corporate Policy.
Rather, what I make available here is the strategic knowledge that enables top managers in all kinds of organizations to tackle the challenges of the Great Transformation21 reliably, quickly, and effectively. The means to do that are my Management Systems® and the navigation, information, and control systems they include, as well as my strategy concepts and about a dozen new and greatly improved methods and tools.
Many of the pioneers among the top managers applying my management systems are left speechless by the power and speed at which problems are solved and more and more often resolved. Particularly effective are the high-performance processes of the social technology of Syntegration which helps master even huge and highly complex challenges better than ever before.
Just like in earlier phases of epoch-making transformation, almost everything is going to change fundamentally and radically. But while past revolutions were driven by machines, the imminent revolution will be driven by a new functioning of societal organizations, of their management at all levels, of their strategies and methods—including the levers of cybernetic self-organization and self-control.
My cordial thanks go to Mag. Tamara Bechter and Dr. Sonja Böni for their enormously professional support with the new edition of what are so far three volumes of this series. Without their help I could have hardly accomplished the task.
St. Gallen, 2013
Fredmund Malik
The Great Transformation21—as I have been referring to the transition from the Old to the New World—will be larger than any other social transformation we have seen so far, as it will span the entire globe.
The more intensely I studied the effective but also explosive power of the Great Transformation and the relevant strategic solutions, the tighter became the limits of language. Describing the complexity of globally interconnected systems and finding words for the simultaneousness of their change dynamics is just as difficult a task as putting a Beethoven symphony in words. Wherever I turn there is a lack of terms to describe the new, its many forms and dimensions, and above all the enormous speed of change as well as the unknowable that comes with it.
The usual superlatives—all the “super” and “mega” terms—, even if they were not as trite as they are, would never suffice to capture the scope of the Great Transformation. Apart from that, these terms originated in the Old World, so they can hardly convey any more than the Old World’s limited power of imagination. Still, occasionally I have to use these terms for lack of better ones (at least to date).
If, for instance, the new methods introduced in this book enable even the most complex decisions to be taken and implemented 100 times faster, to increase team efficiency by more than 80 times, and to find solutions based on maximum consensus in just three days where even the smallest compromise was previously blocked by social gaps, and if this power of solution has led to success in hundreds of applications, without exception—what terms could be considered adequate for such achievements, when the aim is to describe the new dimensions of effectiveness but avoid both grandiloquence and advertising slang?
Historically, previous transformation of a similar kind—in particular in technology and science—have always spawned a new language because the new could not be put in old words. In the social and political sphere, however, new terms will often gain ground when the change itself progresses, or even later than that. For instance, people in the Renaissance age did not know they were experiencing the Renaissance—a term coined as late as in the 19th century. And it was more than 10 years after Columbus had landed in “India” (1492), in 1503, that someone else realized that a “mundus novus”, something completely new, had been discovered—a fact that never occurred to the discoverer Columbus himself in his lifetime. Amerigo Vespucci had never set foot on the continent called “America”—which, however, was rightfully named after him, for he was the one who ultimately identified it.
The Great Transformation from the Old to the New World will fundamentally—and almost completely—change what people do, why they do it and how they do it. It will also change who we are and what concept of the world we have.
It will revolutionize the way society and its organizations function. Functioning twice as well at half the money is just one of many challenges that most people consider impossible to solve—although its solution is already being practiced.
In just a few years’ time it will be with incomprehension and pity that we think back of the sluggish political decision-making processes we have today, of coalitions getting in their own way, of corporate management bodies paralyzing themselves, of slowly moldering change processes, of lethargy and resignation in so many organizations, of monstrous mega conferences that had no impact, and of the cluelessness of global organizations.
With the challenges we are currently facing and which seem to have appeared out of the blue—such as the complete turnaround in energy policy, the rotten financial system, the global debt mountain, and the increasing decay of the social fabric—the limitations of our present problem-solving approaches have become more obvious than ever.
The leaders of these organizations will be pitied and admired at the same time for having given their best and having tried to do their duties even under such inhumane conditions—although their efforts have increasingly failed, as even the most outstanding driver cannot win a race if he is given an outdated car.
At the same time, people will wonder why the new solutions were not made available to those leaders much earlier, in particular as they had long been published by us and applied successfully in hundreds of cases. Anyone who knows these solutions will immediately see how they offer new ways to end crises, and even to use these crises to make inroads into the New World.
For me, the ethical mission resulting from all that is to ensure with all my might that the necessary information about these new, global, society-saving solutions will be spread.
The funds to be freed up by the new solutions—and which are presently and pointlessly tied up in old structures and processes—will be used to create the innovations of the New World, instead of continuing to finance outdated approaches from the previous century.
For instance, one key task will be to establish the new type of high-performance educational institution—preferably outside the current educational system, as this will be the fastest way—and teach the new generation right from the outset of their student careers the leadership skills that, had they been in place, would have had the potential to prevent the current calamity. They include wholistic and networked thinking, familiarity with systemics as the science of entities, practical application of cybernetics as the science of functioning, and the ability to leverage bionics by using evolution’s best solutions to innovate societal organizations.
This would strengthen our social solution intelligence by several orders of magnitude, because all of the above can be accomplished in less than half the time and in one integrated and in itself fully compatible study course.
The present book—just like the other volumes of the series Management: Mastering Complexity—presents the knowledge and approaches required to prevent the immiment social disaster and bring about new prosperity as well as a well-functioning social order well beyond the current political categories of left-wing and right-wing.
In the six parts of this book, we will first look at the dynamics of the Great Transformation21, its inherent risks of crisis and its opportunities, as well as the labor pains of the New World.
After that, we will deal with the astonishingly effective cybernetic systems for strategic navigation, the strategy maps required, and the empirical quantification of existing and new businesses from where the new territory of innovation will be explored.
Finally, I will show the invariant patterns in the tidal currents of great transformations, as well as the resulting economic dynamics and the strategies to deal with them.
In the last part of the book I will describe the most revolutionary tools for social change known to date: the social methodology of Syntegration, which enables us to master ground-breaking strategic change with great precision and “at the speed of light,” compared to conventional approaches, The Syntegration technology helps to manage the growth and size of companies with ease and even turn them into strengths, specifically in cases where conventional approaches have proven to be futile and to paralyze rather than strengthen organizational performance.
The almost magic efficacy of these methods is based on cybernetic communication processes which, to an extent previously unimaginable, enhance collective intelligence and generate social energies. The simultaneous use of innovative system design tools creates highly effective intelligence and power centers for successfully mastering the challenges of even hypercomplex systems as well as their control and regulation. “Mega Change of Mega Systems at Mega Speed” will then turn out to be more than just a pretentious advertising slogan, instead denominating a program to open a bright future in a New World.
The topic threaded throughout the entire book series is how to master the Great Transformation21 and its unprecedented complexity. In the following graph, this complexity is depicted by means of the double S-Curve, indicating the substitution of something new for something old. The Old World is replaced by a New World.
This replacement generates the revolutionary socio-political and economic distortions and crises we are faced with today. They represent the labor pains of a New World.
This third volume of the series Management: Mastering Complexity, I describe how the right strategy contributes to the development of an effective solution.
Figure 1: The Great Transformation21
Both the world of business and society as a whole are going through one of the most fundamental transformations that ever occurred in history. An Old World ends as a New World is born.
The global economic crisis is part of the New World’s labor pains.
Main causes of the global economic crisis were the wrong corporate strategies pursued in the Old World, as well as its traditional management and corporate governance concepts. They were less and less able to cope with the present complexity and dynamics of globally interconnected systems. Misguided economic policies were of minor importance.
The self-destructing corporate strategies became visible almost over night when leading financial institutions collapsed and their management systems failed.
The wrong strategies previously pursued were based on misleading success criteria. They encouraged management behaviors that were harmful to the system and affected large parts of it. This caused a historically unprecedented global misallocation of resources as well as the greatest debt load of all times and across all segments of society.
Therefore, effective solutions for the global economic crisis have to comprise much more than government-level programs: they have to encompass a new way of functioning for societal organizations as well as a profound change in the currently dysfunctional control loops which can be accomplished through new management systems. Solutions meeting these criteria are the cybernetic-wholistic management systems and the strategy concept described in this book.
The best model for the new functioning and the new management required for it is provided by natural organisms with their communication and control systems, their sensory and neuronal systems. Their cybernetic laws of function have been integrated in my Wholistic Management Systems and the associated strategy concept.
Strategies for complexity have a very different logic and very different points of reference compared to the Old World’s traditional strategies. They leverage the logic of evolution, and are thus set up to successfully deal with the unknown and the unknowable.
My strategy concept focuses on two areas:
At the operational level of companies, it indicates the right direction with utmost precision and at maximum speed
At the management level, it brings about the new functioning through flexibility, adaptability, and coherence, while at the same time ensuring viability through self-regulation and self-organization. The control principle is real-time control
Its foundation is a new kind of knowledge and new methods for enhancing intelligence and innovation in information, communication and management processes, based on insights from bionics and cybernetics which are now applicable to management.
Under this new strategy concept, navigation parameters that have proved useful are kept on board but are integrated in a more comprehensive, wholistic management and navigation system. In that system, they are reconfigured to obtain new meanings, and thus to have different control effects in the system of corporate management. For instance, profit and growth will continue to be important in the New World, but they will assume another function.
Reaching beyond economic dimensions, the new strategies will also provide solutions for the non-economic problems related to increasing societal disorientation and instability, as well as for mobilizing human energy, performance, and creativity. By cultivating new values, the new strategies will bring a new motivation for people. One focus of the new strategy will be a new meaning.
Together with other elements of my management systems, the new strategy concept also leads to a new social and economic order. I call it the New Functionism. This new order replaces both capitalism and socialism, as their traditional polarity prevents effective solutions for the new challenges. However, the New Functionism will comprise the best of both previous social orders: e.g., the performance principle from capitalism and the principle of solidarity from socialism.
In addition to the glossary in the appendix section, it is important to explain a few terms at the beginning of each volume.
Bionics Coinage combining “biology” and “technics.” It refers to the interdisciplinary field of research which studies nature’s evolutionary solutions to apply their principles for the benefit of humans. So far, bionic findings have mainly been used in the field of technology. However, nature’s solution can also be applied to management, e.g. to improve the functioning of organizations.
Control and Orientation Variables are terms used in the Malik-Gälweiler Navigation System. Control variables are the parameters an organization needs to get under control; orientation variables are the pieces of information which indicate whether the organization is under control.
Creative Destruction Term created by the Austrian economist Joseph Schumpeter. It refers to entrepreneurial innovativeness and the resulting large-scale substitution processes where the existing is replaced by the new.
Cyber-Tools Methods and approaches to diagnose and shape the cybernetic functionality of organizations.
Direttissima Name I use for the—methodically—fastest way to the right strategy.
Functioning is the most general term I could find to describe the reliable and optimal working of an organization in line with its basic purpose.
Great Transformation21 Profound secular transformation of business and society into the 21st-century society of complexity. What exactly this transformation entails is described in my 1990 book entitled “Krisengefahren in der Weltwirtschaft” “Risks of Crises in the Global Economy”, and ever since then on a regular basis in my monthly management letters. The first time I used the term was in my 1997 book on corporate governance entitled “Wirksame Unternehmensaufsicht” “Effective Corporate Governance”, where I dedicated a chapter to the dimensions of the ongoing metamorphosis of business and society, which was already recognizable back then, and on that basis presented my suggestions for right and good governance.