Contents
About the Book
About the Author
Also by Elisabeth Young-Bruehl
Title Page
A Note on the Texts
Preface
Introduction
Chronology of Freud’s Life and Work
Excerpts from Freud’s Letters to Fliess
Selections from “Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria”
Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (abridged)
Hysterical Phantasies and Their Relation to Bisexuality
On the Sexual Theories of Children
‘Civilized’ Sexual Morality and Modern Nervous Illness (abridged)
Contributions to a Discussion on Masturbation (abridged)
Selections from “On Narcissism: An Introduction”
On Transformations of Instinct as Exemplified in Anal Erotism
The Taboo of Virginity (abridged), with excerpts from letters to Lou Andreas-Salomé and from Karl Abraham
‘A Child Is Being Beaten,’ A Contribution to the Study of the Origin of Sexual Perversions
The Psychogenesis of a Case of Homosexuality in a Woman
The Infantile Genital Organization and Medusa’s Head
An Excerpt from Chapter III of The Ego and the Id
The Economic Problem of Masochism (abridged)
The Dissolution of the Oedipus Complex, with excerpts from the Freud/Abraham letters
Some Psychical Consequences of the Anatomical Distinction Between the Sexes
Libidinal Types, and a footnote from Civilization and Its Discontents
Female Sexuality, with a letter from Freud to Carl Mueller-Braunschweig
Femininity
Selection from Chapter VII of An Outline of Psycho-Analysis
Acknowledgments
Annotated Bibliography
Index
Copyright
FREUD ON GIRLS: ‘They go through an early age in which they envy their brothers their signs of masculinity and feel at a disadvantage and humiliated because of the lack of it...’
FREUD ON WOMEN: ‘At one time (in a matriarchal society) the woman may have been the dominant partner. In this way, like the defeated deities, she acquired demonic properties...’
AND ON HIMSELF: ‘My mother was nowhere to be found; I was crying in despair. My brother Philip...unlocked a wardrobe for me, and when I did not find my mother within it either, I cried even more until, slender and beautiful, she came through the door. What can this mean?’
This collection contains Freud’s most significant statements on women, taken from letters as well as published work, presenting a clear, accessible view of the progress of his thought and his own struggle for understanding and coherence. Elisabeth Young-Bruehl untangles the arguments, relating Freud’s ideas on women and on bisexuality to his clinical practice and broader theory, while the annotated bibliography traces the later disputes.
Elisabeth Young-Bruehl’s Anna Freud was hailed as a ‘stunning achievement’ in Britain and the USA. After obtaining a doctorate, she wrote an award-winning biography of Hannah Arendt. She has published widely in philosophy and her work has been supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Guggenheim Foundation. She is a professor at Haverford College and a member of the Philadelphia Association for Psychoanalysis.
Excerpt from Sigmund Freud and Lou Andreas-Salomé Letters by Ernst Pfeiffer, English translation copyright © 1972 by Sigmund Freud Copyrights and Ernst Pfeiffer, reprinted by permission of The Institute of Psycho-Analysis and The Hogarth Press (here)
Letter to Carl Mueller-Braunschweig, from the collection of Dr. Edith Weigert, translated by Dr. Helm Stierlin, published in Psychiatry: Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes (vol. 34, August 1971, p. 329) (pp. 340–41)
All excerpts from The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud translated and edited by James Strachey are reproduced by kind permission of Sigmund Freud Copyrights Ltd., The Institute of Psycho-Analysis and The Hogarth Press.
Selections on pages here–here are reprinted by permission of the publishers from The Complete Letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess, 1887–1904, Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson, translator and editor, Cambridge, Mass: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Copyright © 1985 and under the Berne Convention Sigmund Freud Copyrights Ltd., Copyright © 1985 J. M. Masson for translation and editorial matter. All rights reserved.
There is an enormous library of Freud studies and biographies, including the most important, Ernest Jones’s three-volume The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud (1953–57). The highlights of this library have been surveyed in Peter Gay’s recent very thorough Freud: A Life for Our Times (1988).
Freud’s letters to Fl ess have been published in two English editions: Marie Bonaparte, Anna Freud, and Ernst Kris, eds., The Origins of Psychoanalysis (1954), which has a fine introduction by Ernst Kris; and Jeffrey M. Masson, ed., The Complete Letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess (1985), the edition from which the excerpts presented in this volume have been drawn. Masson’s tendentious notes to the complete edition, and a book he wrote called The Assault on Truth: Freud’s Suppression of the Seduction Theory (1984), have been at the center of a recent controversy over whether Freud suppressed—rather than found good reasons to supersede—the seduction theory and over whether psychoanalysis ignores the realities of sexual abuse by focusing on Oedipal fantasies. This controversy first arose in the 1930s in the socialist critique of psychoanalysis (see Russell Jacoby, The Repression of Psychoanalysis (1983), but the recent version has also involved feminist writers. The controversy has unfortunately ignored important psychoanalytic work on child abuse, for example, H. Kempe and P. Mrazek, eds., Sexually Abused Children and Their Families (1981), and particularly Anna Freud’s paper “A Psychoanalyst’s View of Sexual Abuse by Parents.”
The literature on the Dora case grows larger all the time: see the relevant essays in M. Kanzer and J. Glenn, Freud and His Patients (1980) and Revue Française de Psychanalyse XXXVII (1973). There is a collection of literary critical and feminist pieces as well: C. Bemheimer and C. Kahane, eds., In Dora’s Case: Freud—Hysteria—Feminism (1985).
As Freud revised the text of his 1905 Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality up to the 1924 edition, he was stimulated by the work of his closest colleagues Karl Abraham, Sandor Ferenczi, and Ernest Jones. Only his letters to and from Abraham have been published, and some of these are cited in this anthology (here). The following Abraham papers, from The Selected Papers of Karl Abraham (1954), are particularly important: “The First Pregenital Stage of the Libido” (1916), “The Infantile Theory of the Origin of the Female Sex” (1923), and “Manifestations of the Female Castration Complex” (1920). In 1924 Ferenczi published a book he had been working on for some time, which was not translated into English until 1938: Thalassa, A Theory of Genitality. Freud also knew well his earlier “The Nosology of Male Homosexuality (Homoerotism)” (1914), and “Stages in the Development of the Sense of Reality” (1913), both in his Contributions to Psychoanalysis (1916). (I will note the relevant papers by Jones below.) The paper by Lou Andreas-Salomé mentioned in my Introduction is “‘Anal’ and ‘Sexuel’” in Imago, 1917; it has not been translated into English (in French, see the anthology of her work, L’amour du narcissisme), but there is a résumé of its contents in Freud’s Three Essays (7:187).
The revisions that Freud made in his instinct theory have been succinctly presented by E. Bibring, “The Development and Problems of the Theory of Instincts,” International Journal of Psychoanalysis XXII (1934), as well as in more elaborate psychoanalytic studies. One of the most important papers from within Freud’s circle relating to his ideas on female narcissism was Lou Andreas-Salomé’s “The Dual Orientation of Narcissism,” translated for Psychoanalytic Quarterly XIII (1962). See also Annie Reich, “Narcissistic Object Choice in Women,” in her Psychoanalytic Contributions (1973). In the 1970s, particularly, Freud’s work on narcissism came in for a great deal of reconsideration. For a survey of the terrain at the beginning of this wave, see Sydney Pulver, “Narcissism: The Term and the Concept,” Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association XVIII (1970), and the important book by Heinz Kohut, The Analysis of the Self (1971). Freud’s remarks on female narcissism were not a focus of attention in this country, rather they became part of a larger cultural review: see C. Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism (1978) and S. Sobo, “Narcissism and Social Disorder,” Yale Review 64 (1975). In France, female narcissism has been quite a topic: see Sarah Kofman, The Enigma of Woman (trans. 1985) for her quarrel with René Girard. A review of Freud’s theory is contained in Bela Grunberger, “Outline for a Study of Narcissism in Female Sexuality,” in J. Chasseguet-Smirgel, ed., Female Sexuality: New Psychoanalytic Views (trans. 1970).
Freud’s excursions into anthropology, and the essay “The Taboo of Virginity,” have been considered from an anthropological point of view, particularly by Margaret Mead, Male and Female (1949). More recently: Rayne Reiter, ed., Toward an Anthropology of Women (1975), and M. Z. Rosaldo and L. Lamphere, eds., Women, Culture and Society (1974). For a superficial summary view, see Edwin Wallace, Freud and Anthropology: A History and Reappraisal (1983).
There is an extensive recent psychoanalytic literature on beating fantasies that refers back to Freud’s “‘A Child is Being Beaten’” and Anna Freud’s essay. Bibliographies can be found with two recent contributions stemming from child analytic work: K. K. Novick and J. Novick, “Beating Fantasies in Children,” International Journal of Psychoanalysis 53 (1972); and “The Essence of Masochism,” Psychoanalytic Study of the Child (1981).
Freud’s case study of a female homosexual was the focus of the psychoanalytic literature on female homosexuality until after the Second World War. See Ernest Jones, “The Early Development of Female Sexuality” (1927), which concluded that intense oral eroticism and unusually strong sadism are involved in female homosexuality, as is an intense identification with the father. Jones began to make a typology of female homosexuals: those who wish to be accepted by men as a man; those whose libido is centered on women, and who enjoy their own femininity vicariously through their partners; those whose feminine desires are satisfied by a woman who behaves sexually like a man. Raymond de Sausure, “Homosexual Fixations among Neurotic Women,” (1929), emphasized the narcissism of neurotic female homosexuals. Helene Deutsch wrote “Female Homosexuality” in 1932 (it is available in R. Fliess, The Psychoanalytic Reader, (1948, 1962) with other papers on female sexuality) to emphasize the pre-Oedipal mother-daughter bond that Freud had pointed to at the end of his case study. In recent years, when psychoanalysts have—with a few exceptions—returned to Freud’s disassociation of homosexuality and neurosis, the work of Freud’s contemporaries has been referred to but refocused. See, for example, J. McDougall, A Plea for a Measure of Abnormality (1978); the relevant (but usually more conservative) papers in J. Marmor, ed., Homosexual Behavior (1975). Outside of psychoanalysis, psychological approaches to female homosexuality focus much more on social factors and on homophobia, while the quest for a biological basis for male and female homosexuality goes on in some medical and psychiatric circles.
After Freud’s The Ego and the Id was published, the development of the superego in females became a topic among his followers: Carl Mueller-Braunschweig, “The Genesis of the Feminine Superego,” International Journal of Psychoanalysis 7 (1926); Hanns Sachs, “On the Formation of the Superego in Women,” Internation Journal of Psychoanalysis 60 (1929); Edith Jacobson, “Ways of Female Superego Formation and the Female Castration Conflict” (1937), reprinted in Psychoanalytic Quarterly 45 (1976); Phyllis Greenacre, “Anatomical Structure and Superego Development,” in her Trauma, Growth and Personality (1952). The topic is taken up in many of the anthologies of recent work that will be cited below, and see also Catherine Millot, “The Feminine Superego” in m/f/: a feminist journal 10 (1985).
Helene Deutsch wrote on female masochism in 1930: “The Significance of Masochism in the Mental Life of Women,” International Journal of Psychoanalysis 11 (1930). More than any other single paper, this one by Deutsch promoted the notion that women are naturally masochistic. Homey’s “The Problem of Feminine Masochism” (1935), is in her collection Feminine Psychology (1967). Jeanne Lampl-De Groot, “Masochism and Narcissism” (1937) is in her collection The Development of the Mind (1965). Muriel Gardiner’s “Feminie Masochism and Passivity” is in Bulletin of the Philadelphia Association for Psychoanalysis 5 (1955). Masochism is a recurrent topic in Annie Reich’s collection Psychoanalytic Contributions (1973). Rudolph Loewenstein, “A Contribution to the Psychoanalytic Theory of Masochism” (1957) is in his Selected Papers (1982). Marie Bonaparte’s 1935 essay “Passivity, Masochism, Femininity” is responded to by Ethel Person, “Some New Observations on the Origins of Femininity” in Jean Strouse, ed., Women and Analysis. Person’s article has a bibliography of further recent readings, as does Paula Caplan’s “The Myth of Women’s Masochism,” American Psychologist 39 (1984).
Janine Chasseguet-Smirgel introduces her collection of essays, Female Sexuality: New Psychoanalytic Views (trans. 1970), with a survey and summaries of the papers from the late 1920s and early 1930s supporting Freud’s late views on female psychology (Lampl-de Groot, Deutsch, Mack Brunswick, Bonaparte) and opposing them (Mueller, Horney, Klein, Jones). Some of the supporters’ papers are collected in R. Fliess, The Psychoanalytic Reader (1948, 1962) and all are in the collections by the individual authors noted above. Josine Mueller’s “The Problem of the Libidinal Development of the Genital Phase in Girls” (1925) appeared in International Journal of Psychoanalysis 13 (1932). Homey’s papers are in the collection noted above, Feminine Psychology. Klein’s The Psychoanalysis of Children (trans. 1932) and the later four-volume Collected Works (1975) present her views. Jones’s papers, “The Early Development of Female Sexuality” (1927), “The Phallic Phase” (1932), and “Early Female Sexuality” (1935) are in his Papers on Psychoanalysis (1948). A more recent, very independent survey is Phyllis Greenacre’s, “Special Problems of Early Female Sexual Development,” Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 5 (1950)); and see also her “Penis Awe and Its relation to Penis Envy” in Emotional Growth (1971). The cultural-psychoanalysis or Neo-Freudian tradition, which has its antecedents in the opponents of Freud’s female psychology, acknowledges the importance of Clara Thompson’s essays: “The Role of Women in Culture” is in Strouse, ed., Women and Psychoanalysis (1974), and two papers are in Jean B. Miller, ed., Psychoanalysis and Women (1973).
I will indicate the recent psychoanalytic literature on female psychology by citing books and anthologies, in chronological order. Books: R. Stoller, Sex and Gender (1968); J. Money and A. Ehrhardt, Man and Woman, Boy and Girl (1972); E. Maccoby and C. Jacklin, The Psychology of Sex Differences (1974); H. Roiphe and E. Galenson, Infantile Origin of Sexual Identity (1981); A. Bernstein and G. Warner, Women Treating Women (1984); Fast, Gender Identity: A Differentiation Model (1984); Bernay and Cantor, The Psychology of Today’s Woman (1986). Anthologies: Jean B. Miller, ed., Psychoanalysis and Women (1973); Jean Strouse, ed., Women and Analysis (1974), which contains R. Stoller, “Facts and Fancies: an Examination of Freud’s Concept of Bisexuality,” a review quite in contrast to my Introduction to this volume; H. Blum, Female Psychology (1977); T. Karasu and C. Socarides, eds., On Sexuality, Psychoanalytic Observations (1979); C. Stimpson and E. Person, eds., Sex and Sexuality (1980); D. Mendel, ed., Early Female Development (1982); Judith Alpert, ed., Psychoanalysis and Women: Contemporary Reappraisals (1986). A good general anthology has been prepared by Mary Roth Walsh: The Psychology of Women: Ongoing Debates (1987).
Recent feminist approaches to psychoanalysis usually take into account or orient themselves from earlier work: Viola Klein, The Feminine Character (1946); Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex (1949, trans. 1952); Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (1963); Kate Millet, Sexual Politics (1969); Germaine Greer, The Female Eunuch (1970); Phyllis Chesler, Women and Madness (1972), Shulamith Firestone, The Dialectic of Sex (1970). The writings of sex researchers were crucial to these early works: see Alfred Kinsey’s The Sexual Behavior of the Human Female (1953) and Wendell Pomeroy’s, Dr. Kinsey and the Institute for Sex Research (1972); Masters and Johnson’s Human Sexual Response (1966); and Mary Jane Sherfy’s, The Nature and Evolution of Female Sexuality (1973).
The late-1970s reconsideration in America and England of Freud’s work was launched by Juliet Mitchell in Psychoanalysis and Feminism (1975) and Jean Baker Miller in Toward a New Psychology of Women (1976). Soon after came Dorothy Dinnerstein, The Mermaid and the Minotaur (1976); Nancy Chodorow, The Reproduction of Mothering (1978); Carol Gilligan, In A Different Voice (1982); Jane Gallop, The Daughter’s Seduction: Feminism and Psychoanalysis (1982); and Juliet Mitchell and Jacqueline Rose, eds., Feminine Sexuality: Jacques Lacan and the École Freudienne (1982), with introductions by both editors. Jacqueline Rose’s “Femininity and Its Discontents,” in her Sexuality and the Field of Vision (1986), offers a brief critical history of feminist responses to Freud.
The current psychoanalytic frontiers obvious in child psychoanalytic work have been defined by the work of Anna Freud, especially Normality and Pathology in Childhood (1965) and the last volume of The Writings of Anna Freud; Margaret Mahler’s many works, including The Psychological Birth of the Human Infant (1975); Rene Spitz’s The First Year of Life (1965) and Selma Fraiberg’s research; and the work of theorists concerned with early childhood and the psychoses, especially Melanie Klein’s followers, D. W. Winnicott and Masud Khan (in England), and André Green (in France).
| 1856 | Freud born (May 6) in Freiberg, Moravia, oldest child of Amalie and Jacob Freud, who soon relocate in Vienna. |
| 1873 | Finishes Gymnasium and enters University of Vienna; works from 1876–1882 in Brucke’s physiology laboratory. |
| 1882–86 | Engagement and marriage to Martha Bernays; employment at General Hospital in Vienna, including a study year (1885) in Paris with Jean Martin Charcot. |
| 1886–95 | Birth of first five Freud children (Mathilde, Martin, Oliver, Ernst, Sophie); friendship (starting in 1887) with Wilhelm Fliess grows deeper; papers on diseases of the nervous system, motor paralyses, hypnotism, hysteria, obsessions and phobias, anxiety neurosis. |
| 1895 | Birth of sixth child, Anna; Studies on Hysteria published with Josef Breuer. |
| 1900 | Publication of The Interpretation of Dreams; writing of “Dora” case (published in 1905); beginning of end of Fliess friendship. |
| 1905 | Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality. |
| 1908 | “Hysterical Phantasies and Their Relation to Bisexuality,” “On the Sexual Theories of Children,” “‘Civilized’ Sexual Morality and Modern Nervous Illness”; Freud’s publications and newly reorganized Vienna Psychoanalytic Society attract important adherents—Karl Abraham, Ernest Jones, Sandor Ferenczi, Max Eitingon, then Carl Jung—and first international psychoanalytic congress is convened. |
| 1909 | “Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-Year-Old Boy” (Hans); trip to America for lectures, a sign of growing reputation. |
| 1912–13 | Contributions to a discussion on masturbation; Lou Andreas-Salomé hears Freud’s lectures; disagreements with Jung lead toward a final break in 1913. |
| 1914 | First War World War begins, two of Freud’s sons in German Army; decline in patients leaves more time for writing; “On Narcissism: An Introduction.” |
| 1917 | “On Transformations of Instinct as Exemplified by Anal Erotism.” |
| 1918 | End of First World War; psychoanalytic training patients, including Anna Freud; “The Taboo of Virginity,” an outgrowth of Totem and Taboo (1912). |
| 1919 | “‘A Child is Being Beaten.’” |
| 1920 | “The Psychogenesis of a Case of Female Homosexuality”; Beyond the Pleasure Principle presents “dual instinct theory”; death of Freud’s daughter Sophie. |
| 1923 | The Ego and the Id and “The Infantile Genital Organization”; Freud’s cancer diagnosed. |
| 1924 | “The Economic Problem of Masochism” and “The Dissolution of the Oedipus Complex.” |
| 1925 | “Some Psychical Consequences of the Anatomical Distinction between the Sexes”; beginning of theoretical debates with Melanie Klein, Karen Homey, Ernest Jones; death of Karl Abraham. |
| 1930 | Civilization and Its Discontents. |
| 1931 | “Libidinal Types” and “Female Sexuality.” |
| 1932 | “Femininity” delivered, one of New Introductory Lectures (1933). |
| 1933 | Hitler comes to power in Germany, German psychoanalysts begin to emigrate; death of Sandor Ferenczi. |
| 1938 | Freud and family members then remaining in Vienna flee to England; work on never-completed An Outline of Psychoanalysis in London. |
| 1939 | Death soon after outbreak of Second World War (September 23). |
The page references in this index correspond to the printed edition from which this ebook was created. To find a specific word or phrase from the index, please use the search feature of your ebook reader.
abortion, 262
Abraham, Karl, 17, 38, 48, 49, 214, 294, 300–303, 314, 338
abreaction, 5, 9
abstinence, sexual, 132, 187
required by morality, 170, 172–73, 174–79
two forms of, 177–78
acting out, 87–88
actual neurosis, 184, 185
addictions, 189n
Adler, Alfred, 210, 215, 238, 310n, 341
“Aetiology of Hysteria, The” (Freud), 118
affection, 25, 126, 127–28, 298, 300, 307, 314, 346, 361
incestuous, 139–40, 141, 142–43, 144
narcissistic, 30, 194–95
aggression, 149, 159, 269, 282, 320
of anal stage, 347
enemas and, 334–35
of libidinal character types, 317, 318, 319
of men, 5, 20, 102, 103, 187, 344, 359
in sadism, 102, 103, 287, 293
after sexual intercourse, 208, 210
suppressed in women, 34, 284, 345
Ahnfrau, Die, 56
ambivalence, 278, 279
in infantile sexuality, 125–26
in mother-daughter bond, 40, 253, 331–32, 349, 352, 360
amnesia, infantile, 15, 106–7, 118, 221
amnesias, 69, 84, 107
“‘Anal’ und ‘Sexual’” “(Andreas-Salomé), 115n–16n, 203n
anal character, 196–97
anal erotism, 196–203, 320
anal stage, 7, 9, 10, 17, 29, 34, 35, 57, 125, 160n, 197, 199–201, 271, 284, 288–89, 301, 305
aggression of, 347
anal retention in, 15–16, 114–15, 200
“Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-Year-Old Boy” (Freud), 28, 30, 49, 153, 156, 160n, 200n, 269n
Analysis Terminable and Interminable (Freud), 40–41, 206n, 366n, 369n
anal zone, 125, 159–60
disgust and, 99, 160
in homosexuality, 95n, 99–100
in masturbation, 114–16
“Anatomy is Destiny,” 38, 299
Andreas-Salomé, Lou, 27, 30, 49, 115n–16n, 203, 204, 213
androphilia, 65, 66–67
animals, 133, 136n, 167, 193, 269, 344
birth in, 123, 156, 160
as sexual objects, 96
antiquity, 94n, 254n, 324
apotropaic acts in, 273n
hermaphroditism in, 157
homosexuality in, 14, 144, 178n, 272
sexuality in, 13–14, 97n, 99
anxiety, 58, 60, 63, 181, 241, 290, 335, 349
infantile, 140
anxiety neurosis, 48, 185
aphonia (loss of voice), 66, 70–71, 79
apotropaic acts, 272–73
art, 101, 282n
asceticism, 32
Athene, 270n, 272
Augustine, Saint, 210
authority, 98, 142, 298, 369
Autobiographical Study (Freud), 335n
autoerotism, 19, 63–64, 148, 157
alloerotism vs., 64
definition of, 16
of infantile sexuality, 7, 15, 29, 111–12, 124, 125, 168, 177
babies, 45, 336
dolls as, 334, 356
faeces equated with, 196, 200, 201, 203; see also cloacal theory of birth
as gifts, 202, 300, 368
as mother’s sexual object, 174
as “penis-child,” 27, 37, 39, 41, 196, 198–99, 200, 201, 211, 300, 308, 312, 356–57, 368
penis equated with, 196, 198, 199, 201–3, 271
beating fantasies, 32–33, 34–35, 36, 38, 49, 182, 215–40, 284, 292
clitoris equated with, 311
constancy of sex in, 228–29, 233, 235–36
content of, 216, 218–19, 222–23, 227–28
as day-dreams, 227–28, 229
depressed mothers and, 216
female, 222–24, 227–29, 232–33, 310–11
formulaic quality of, 311
guilt and, 217, 226, 227, 228, 229, 231–32
male, 222, 227, 233–35
in masturbation, 217, 223, 225, 228, 231–32, 234–35, 285–86
mental sexual characteristics in, 234, 235, 236, 238, 239
Oedipal (genital) period and, 221, 225
Oedipus complex and, 215, 216, 224–28, 229–30, 232, 235, 240
onset of, 217
origin of, 217–18, 228
phases of, 221–25, 227–29, 232–33
pre-Oedipal (pregenital) period and, 226–27
real corporal punishment vs., 216, 218
repression and, 215, 225–26, 227, 228, 231, 236, 237–40
sexual differences in, 216, 229, 235–37
sibling rivalry and, 216, 224, 226, 228, 235, 311
“Beating Fantasies and Daydreams” (A. Freud), 216
beauty, 101, 130, 212
in narcissism, 192–93
bed-wetting (enuresis), 118, 296, 307
behavior, patterns of, 176–77, 188
Berlin, 6, 32, 37, 50, 300, 322
Berlin Psychoanalytic Society, 214, 294
Bernays, Martha, 48
Bernheim, Hyppolite, 4
Beyond the Pleasure Principle (Freud), 28, 49, 283n, 333n
Bibliothèque rosé, 217
Binet, Alfred, 219
birth, theories of, 121, 122–23, 154–56, 161, 164–65, 309n
cloacal, 115, 123, 159–60, 201, 202–3, 271
kissing in, 163
bisexuality, x, 7, 9, 10, 11, 66, 136, 311, 314, 315–16, 319–20, 363–64
activity vs. passivity in, 103, 136n, 266, 271, 320, 342, 343–45
concepts of feminine vs. masculine in, 136n
female, 19–24, 26, 27, 31, 32, 36, 37, 38, 39, 42, 45, 305, 316, 321, 325, 340, 358–59
Fliess’s theory of, 51, 54, 60, 63, 67–68, 215, 237
in homosexuality, 91, 92–94, 241, 246, 247, 251–52
of hysteria, 151–52
of libido, 19–26, 359
Oedipus complex and, 278, 279
repression and, 60, 67, 237
bladder disorders, 118
Bleuler, Eugen, 117n, 125, 231, 320
blinding, 286, 365n
blood, horror of, 23, 162, 207
Bonaparte, Marie, ix, 161n
bondage, sexual, 205–6, 212–13, 366
brain, 92–93
breasts, 29, 30, 39, 78, 130, 278, 296
sucking at, 7, 11, 111, 138, 139, 270n, 331, 333, 344, 350–51
breathing, painful (dyspnea), 3, 11, 70
Breslau, 60, 68
Breuer, Josef, 5–6, 48, 50, 66–67, 240
Brucke, Ernst, 48
Brunswick, Ruth Mack, 39, 324n, 335, 358
Budapest, 32
buttocks, 121, 288–89
cannibalism, 275n, 301
castration, 133
blinding as symbol of, 286, 365n
decapitation as symbol of, 212, 272–73
in dreams, 199, 211
in fantasies, 34, 35, 286
threats of, 157–58, 296–97, 307, 330, 353, 365
castration complex, 24, 34, 36, 210, 269–73, 365–69
contempt for women derived from, 270, 309, 310, 326, 327, 330, 355
definition of, 122n
female, 35, 45, 214, 329, 330, 338; see also penis envy
horror of women derived from, 157–58, 270, 272–73, 309
in masochism, 102, 284
in Oedipus complex, 296–300, 307–8, 309, 313, 314, 326, 357, 365–69
in perversions, 101n, 122
puberty and, 366–67
sexual theories of children and, 122, 157–58, 202, 269–71
see also phallic stage
character, 175, 177
anal, 196–97
beating fantasies and, 232
formation of, 275–76, 366
inversion of, 13, 92
libidinal types of, 36, 315–19
mixed types of, 318–19
of women, 13, 92, 275, 276, 314; see also jealousy
character analyses, 36
“Character and Anal Erotism” (Freud), 196n, 198n
Charcot, Jean Martin, 3–4, 48
childhood, 73, 74, 107
accidental factors of, 199
in female homosexual case, 250, 264
in origin of homosexuality, 94n, 95n
seduction in, see seduction, childhood
“‘Child Is Being Beaten, A,’ A Contribution to the Study of the Origin of Sexual Perversions” (Freud), 32–33, 34, 35, 38, 49, 182, 215–40, 310–11
children, 7, 8, 133
activity vs. passivity of, 332–33
education and, 108, 109–10, 115, 121, 144
effects of marriage on, 179
games of, 163, 333–34, 356, 368
hysteria in, 6, 56, 59
narcissism of, 28–29, 134, 190, 191, 193, 194
overvaluation of, by women, 98n, 193
perversions in, 13–14, 15–16, 119–21
psychoanalytic treatment of, 32, 39, 42, 45, 46, 153, 241, 301, 347
as sexual objects, 96–97, 118–19, 139, 174, 179; see also seduction, childhood
shame lacking in, 119–20
see also infantile sexuality; sexual theories of children
child-study centers, 46
choice of neurosis, 6, 59, 63–64
circumcision, 365n
civilization, 45–47, 101, 142, 187, 205, 211–12, 315–20
libidinal character types in, 315–19
sublimation in, 109, 167–69
three stages of, 169–73
war and, 316
women’s contributions to, 315–16, 360
see also morality
Civilization and Its Discontents (Freud), 14, 49, 136n, 166, 316, 317n, 319–20, 361n
“‘Civilized’ Sexual Morality and Modern Nervous Illness” (Freud). 14, 23, 24, 26, 27, 45, 48, 166–81, 205
classifications, psychiatric, 14, 46, 98, 100, 220
clitoris, 19, 116, 122, 136–38, 310, 325
masculinity of, 27, 35, 38, 58, 158, 311–12, 321
masturbation of, 8, 18, 23, 35, 36, 38, 136–37, 329, 335, 336, 347
vagina vs., 22–24, 26, 27, 41, 44, 58–59, 137–38, 158, 302–3, 305, 312, 321, 322, 347
cloaca, see rectum
cloacal theory of birth, 115, 123, 159–60, 201, 202–3, 271
coitus interruptus, 4
component instincts, 149, 156, 161, 163, 167
active vs. passive, 103, 125, 135, 227, 231, 240
in hysterical symptoms, 150–51
in infantile sexuality, 16, 119–21, 124, 125–26, 127, 131
in perversions, 22, 33, 105, 119–21, 219–20
sexual theories of children and, 156, 161, 163
see also cruelty; scopophilia
compulsions, 58, 101n, 118, 120, 131, 192, 361, 366
Confessions (Rousseau), 121
conflicts, 155, 185–86, 281, 297, 312, 319
conscience, 32, 56, 290, 291, 313
see also superego
consciousness, 52
constipation, 115
contraception, 51, 166
harmfulness of, 173, 179
“Contributions to a Discussion on Masturbation” (Freud), 49, 117n, 182–89
“Contributions to the Psychology of Love” (Freud), 256n
conversions, in hysteria, 79, 149, 150
coprophilia, 160
corporal punishment, 121, 216, 218
cough, nervous (tussis nervosa), 66, 70, 71, 75, 76–77, 79
countertransference, 11
couvade, 163
“Creative Writers and Day-Dreaming” (Freud), 147n
criminals, 167, 193, 319
cruelty, 16, 105, 119, 120–21, 127, 161, 180–81
corporal punishment and, 121
pity vs., 120
see also masochism; sadism
cults, religious, 35
Cultural (Neo-Freudian) Psychoanalysis, 43–44
dark, fear of, 140
da Vinci, Leonardo, 159n
day-dreams, 146–48
beating fantasies as, 227–28, 229
death, fear of, 181
death instinct, 28, 283
in masochism, 33–34, 284, 287–88, 289, 292, 293
death-wishes, 8, 257–58, 334
decapitation, 212, 272–73
defense mechanisms, 52, 241
deferred action, 58, 59
defiance, 200, 201, 202, 254, 258, 366
defloration, 26, 40, 162n, 204–14
as branding, 204–5
in drama, 212
dreams and, 199, 211, 212
by father-surrogates, 210, 213
frigidity and, 204, 207–11, 212
horror of blood and, 23, 162n, 207
hostility in, 205, 208, 210–11, 212–13
as narcissistic injury, 205, 208
pain of, 208
penis envy and, 199, 210–11
among primitive peoples, 205, 206–7, 208, 209, 210, 213
sexual bondage and, 205–6, 212–13
denial, 16–17, 35
depression, 80n, 216, 261, 301
Dessoir, 144
Deutsch, Helene, 39, 44, 314, 324, 338, 358
Die Fackel, 178
“Discussion of 1912 on Masturbation and Our Present-Day Views, The” (Reich), 183
disgust, 58, 59, 108, 109, 119
anal zone and, 99, 160
oral zone and, 99, 112
overridden by perversions, 99, 101, 103, 104
displacement, 102, 117, 134, 253n, 303, 320, 338
hysterical symptoms and, 113
of sexual aims, 123, 167–68
dissociation, 155–56
“Dissolution of the Oedipus Complex, The” (Freud), 27–28, 36–37, 49, 226n, 274, 285, 294–300, 304
dolls, 334, 356
Dora (case), 21, 28, 48, 50, 66, 69–88, 97, 185, 241, 306
background circumstances of, 70
bisexuality in, 66
dreams of, 84, 87, 88
father in, 70, 75, 76–77, 80, 81, 82–84, 87
gynaecophilia of, 81–84, 88n
supervalent (reactive) thoughts of, 80–81, 83, 84
symptoms of, 69–72, 75, 76–77, 79
transference of, 10–11, 70, 84, 87–88, 146
Dostoevsky, F., 189n, 327n
double standard, 11, 173–74
drama, 56, 83, 212, 367
dreams, 7, 9, 11, 12, 50, 59, 198, 251, 257, 365n
day-dreams vs., 147
death of parents in, 64
in Dora case, 84, 87, 88
dream-work of, 150n, 261
exhibitionistic, 64
Freud’s, 54–55, 64
hysteria and, 61, 62–63
interpretation of, 54–55, 69, 84
lying, 259–61
nocturnal emissions and, 132
penis envy in, 199, 211, 212
as wish fulfillments, 62
women with penises in, 157
dual instinct theory, 28, 33, 49, 283
“Dynamics of Transference, The” (Freud), 86n
dyspnea (painful breathing), 3, 11, 70
eating disorders, 15, 25, 39, 112, 127
“Economic Problem of Masochism, The” (Freud), 33, 49, 129n, 215, 231n, 283–93, 304
education, 108, 109–10, 115, 121
homosexuality and, 144
ego, 33, 64, 185, 187, 193, 195, 196, 231, 274, 283, 366
in dissolution of Oedipus complex, 298
function of, 290
masochism and, 290–93
narcissistic character type and, 315, 317–18
see also superego
Ego and the Id, The (Freud), 31, 33, 49, 75n, 231n, 274–82, 283, 294, 298n, 304, 321, 323n
Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense, The (A. Freud), 333n
ego-instincts, 28, 191
ego-libido, 134–35, 190–92, 276–77
Einstein, Albert, 316
Eitingon, Max, 48–49
Electra complex, 250n, 326
Ellis, Havelock, 92, 111, 139
enemas, 334–35
enuresis (bed-wetting), 118, 296, 307
Erikson, Erik, 44–45
Eros, 28, 33, 283, 288
erotic character type, 315, 317, 318–19
erotogenic masochism, 33–34, 231, 284, 285, 286, 287–89
erotogenic zones, 51, 57–60, 66, 105, 148
affection arousing to, 139
characteristics of, 112–13
cruelty and, 120–21
eyes as, 129–30
in infantile sexuality, 7, 16, 57, 109, 111–17, 119, 120–21, 124, 127, 168
need for satisfaction of, 114
see also specific zones
error of superimposition, 344
excretory functions, 346
in perversions, 100, 104, 120
in sexual theories of children, 115, 123, 159–60, 162, 164
see also faeces; urination
exhibitionism, 16, 29, 105, 119–20, 264, 269, 273n
castration complex in, 101n
in dreams, 64
voyeurism vs., 101, 120
faeces, 160, 270n, 320
babies equated with, 196, 200, 201, 203; see also cloacal theory of birth
as gifts, 115, 198, 200, 201, 202, 346
as money, 198, 200, 201
penis equated with, 200–201, 202–3
fairy tales, 123, 159, 160
family romance, 56
fantasies, 7, 8, 9, 12, 61
castration in, 34, 35, 286
fellatio in, 77–78, 308
in hysterical symptom formation, 75–78, 79, 149–62
impotence in, 76
incestuous, 26, 32–33, 141–42
masochistic, 34, 233–34, 285–86, 288; see also beating fantasies
masturbatory, 26, 40, 148–49, 177–78, 184, 187, 285–86, 329, 366
paranoid, 146, 149, 232, 301
phallic-stage, 34, 40, 335
pregnancy in, 62–63
rape in, 35
seduction in, 40, 53, 329, 335, 349
unconscious, 147–50
see also day-dreams
fate, 56, 226n
fathers, 8, 21, 27, 45, 288, 294, 304
in beating fantasies, see beating fantasies
in Dora case, 70, 75, 76–77, 80, 81, 82–84
in female homosexual case, 244, 245, 251, 254–55, 257
hysteria and, 6, 7, 9, 10
intense attachments to, 209, 323, 324, 325, 348
mistresses of, 7, 10, 70, 75, 76–77, 81, 82–84
in origin of homosexuality, 95n
penis of, 29, 301, 302
surrogate, in defloration, 210, 213
see also Oedipus complex; parents
fears:
of being eaten, 324, 334
of being killed, 324, 334, 349, 351
of dark, 140
of death, 181
of poison, 349, 351
of strangers, 140
of vaginal penetration, 45
fellatio, 77–78, 308
female homosexual (case), 11, 36, 40, 49, 241–66
background circumstances of, 242–45, 248
childhood of, 250, 264
dreams of, 251, 257, 259–61
father of, 244, 245, 251, 254–55, 257
feminism of, 264
masculinity complex of, 263–64
mother of, 244–45, 251–55, 263, 264
neurosis lacking in, 13, 241, 250, 253n
Oedipus complex of, 250, 252–55, 257–59, 261, 262
overvaluation by, 31, 249, 255–56
penis envy of, 250, 264
puberty of, 250–52, 263
suicide attempt of, 243–44, 248, 256–58
transference of, 241, 259–60
female sexuality, 12–26, 36–41, 133, 321–62
adult femininity in, 342–62
anal zone in, 116n
insufficient knowledge about, 92, 94, 98, 294, 299, 300, 302, 358
involution of, 18, 22, 316, 319–20
male vs., 16–17, 18–19, 21–22, 24, 29, 31, 325–26, 328, 330, 332
mother-daughter bond in, see mother-daughter bond
nocturnal emissions of, 18, 118
polymorphously perverse disposition in, 119
psychoanalytic literature on, 337–40
two extra tasks of, 322–23, 325–26, 346–48
see also women; specific topics
“Female Sexuality” (Freud), 39, 49, 299n, 321–40, 342
feminine masochism, 34–35, 38, 44, 284, 285–86, 345
feminine narcissism, 29, 30–31, 191, 192–93, 199, 211, 315, 359–60
femininity, 7–8, 9, 10, 19, 30–31, 138, 266, 271
adult, 342–62
as failed masculinity, 41, 42
“normal,” 12–26, 46
primordial, 37, 42
see also bisexuality; mental sexual characteristics
“Femininity” (Freud), 20, 21, 34, 47, 49, 284, 342–62
feminists, ix, x, 33, 41, 44–45, 46, 166, 204, 205
“Anatomy is Destiny” vs., 299
female homosexual case and, 264
vs. superego theory, 305, 314, 357
Fenichel, Otto, 338–39
Ferenczi, Sandor, 48, 49, 95, 211, 270, 313
fetishism, 100, 219
fixations, 142, 145, 157, 209, 323
on mothers, 94n, 263, 264, 265, 357
of sexual aim, 100–103, 104, 131, 168, 186–87, 219–20
Fliess, Wilhelm, 4, 6–8, 10, 11, 19, 48, 50–68, 69, 189n, 215, 237, 335n
flight into illness, 72n
fore-pleasure, 130–32
dangers of, 131–32
end-pleasure vs., 130–31, 132
mechanism of, 130–31
forgetting, 68, 150n, 262
“Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria” (Freud), 10–11, 21, 28, 48, 50, 66, 69–88, 306
France, 46
Francis, J. J., 183
free association, 5, 69
Freud, Amalie (mother), 48, 54–55
Freud, Anna (daughter), 32, 36, 39, 42, 48, 49, 216, 333n
Freud, Anna (sister), 54
Freud, Jacob (father), 48
death of, 52
Freud, Philipp (brother), 54, 55
Freud, Sigmund:
as adventurer, 64–65
androphilia of, 65, 67
cancer of, 35, 49, 283
children of, 6, 32, 36, 39, 42, 48, 49, 65–66, 341
chronology of, 48–49
countertransference of, 11
critics of, 36, 41–47, 321–22
dreams of, 54–55, 64
hysteria of, 4, 52
left-handedness of, 60–61
nurse of, 53, 54, 55
Oedipus complex of, 55–56
self-analysis of, 6, 8, 11, 50, 52–57, 60, 61–62
spatial relationships difficult for, 61
“What do women want” asked by, ix, 46–47
Frieberg, 48, 54
frigidity (genital anesthesia), 158, 303, 359
defloration and, 204, 207–11, 212
in hysteria, 22–23, 24, 26, 28, 51, 59
in marriage, 142, 176, 179, 207–11, 212
frustration, 95, 261, 319
marital, 161–62, 166, 173, 176, 179
gains from illness, 72n–73n, 253, 289
gambling, 189n
genital anesthesia, see frigidity
genitals, 57, 98, 101, 113, 114, 126, 198, 343
growth of, 128, 192
regarded as repellant, 99, 320
genital stage, see Oedipal period
genital zones, 18, 116–17, 124, 139, 157, 168, 308–9, 347
fore-pleasure in, 130–32
in masturbation, 113, 116–17
at puberty, 127, 128–32, 136–38
sexual substances of, 123, 128, 130–31, 132–33, 164, 343
stimulation of, 128–29
see also clitoris; penis
gifts:
babies as, 202, 300, 368
faeces as, 115, 198, 200, 201, 202, 346
transferences and, 200
Gilligan, Carol, 305
globus hystericus, 15, 112
Greeks, 14, 56, 93, 178n, 272–73, 324, 365
Group Psychology (Freud), 192n, 282n, 361n, 362n
guilt, 56
beating fantasies and, 217, 226, 227, 228, 229, 231–32
caused by masturbation, 117n, 182, 184, 231–32
in masochism, 32–33, 102, 226, 231, 285, 286, 289–90, 292, 293
in Oedipus complex, 226, 227, 229, 280
unconscious, 289–90, 292
gynaecophilia, 81–84, 88n
haemorrhoids, 114
Halban, 92
Hamlet (Shakespeare), 56, 367
Hebbel, Friedrich, 212
Heine, Heinrich, 342–43
heredity, 53, 105–6, 108, 140, 145, 179
homosexuality and, 249–50, 262, 264
incest taboo in, 141n
Oedipus complex and, 295
hermaphroditism, 320, 343
in antiquity, 157
homosexuality vs., 91–92, 93, 248–49, 264–65
heroes, 167, 195, 291
Hirschfeld, Magnus, 95n
“History of the Psycho-Analytic Movement” (Freud), 310n
Hitler, Adolf, 49
homosexuality (inversion), 8, 13, 31, 90–96, 182
anal zone in, 95n, 99–100
androphilia as form of, 65, 66–67
in antiquity, 14, 144, 178n, 272
bisexuality in, 91, 92–94, 241, 246, 247, 251–52
castration complex in, 157–58, 270, 326
cultural creativity common in, 169, 316
diverse conditions classified as, 95n
female, 81–84, 89n, 92, 94, 95–96, 144, 242, 327, 358, 368; see also female homosexual (case)
gynaecophilia as form of, 81–84, 88n
hereditary vs. acquired, 249–50, 262, 264
hermaphroditism vs., 91–92, 93, 248–49, 264–65
in hysteria, 81–84, 88n, 144, 151–52
masturbation and, 63, 95, 100
mental sexual characteristics and, 92, 93–94, 249, 264–65
modification of, by treatment, 241, 246–47, 266
morality and, 169–70, 178
narcissism in, 94n, 95n, 191–92
normality of, 91, 94n–95n, 96, 241, 265
origin of, 94n–95n, 96
prevention of, 143–44
psychiatric classification of, 14
of puberty, 81–82, 144, 263
“retiring in favor of someone else” in, 253–54, 255
sexual aim of, 95–96
sexual objects of, 38, 90–91, 93–94, 95n, 96, 246, 247, 264–66, 326, 358
subject vs. object, 95n
types of, 91
hormones, 133
Horney, Karen, 36, 37, 42, 43, 44, 49, 314, 321, 322, 339, 340
horror, 104, 213
of blood, 23, 162, 207
caused by women, 157–58, 270, 272–73, 309
hostility, 143, 282, 314
in defloration, 205, 208, 210–11, 212–13
in mother-daughter bond, 253, 323, 331, 334, 338, 350–53, 357
toward outsiders, 207
in transference, 259
Hugo, Victor, 188
humorists, 193
hunger, 28, 90, 96, 97, 190
hypochondria, 190
hypnosis, 4, 5, 9, 13, 48, 86, 258
hysteria, 3–12, 16, 21–22, 32, 36, 46, 48, 63–64, 69–88, 134, 158, 319
aggressive behavior in, 149
amnesias of, 69, 84, 107
beating fantasies in, 216, 220
bisexuality of, 151–52
childhood in, 6–7, 8–9, 11
in children, 6, 56, 59
conversions in, 79, 149, 150
definition of, 3
disgust in, 99
dreams and, 61, 62–63
fathers and, 6, 7, 9, 10
frigidity in, 22–23, 24, 26, 28, 51, 59
gynaecophilia in, 81–84, 88n
in Hamlet, 56
homosexuality in, 81–84, 88n, 144, 151–52
identification in, 64
masturbation and, 188
in men, 4, 82
mother-daughter bond in, 324
motives of, 72–75, 88
oral stage in, 7, 11, 25, 39, 66
oral zone in, 7, 11, 25, 39, 66, 76–78, 112
periodicity of, 70, 78–79
perversions vs., 149
puberty in origin of, 138
repression in, 4, 5, 7–8, 9–10, 23–24, 113, 150
seduction theory of, 6, 8–9, 11, 12, 349
social restrictions and, 5–6, 25–26
somatic compliance in, 71–72, 77–78, 79, 185
symptoms of, see symptoms, hysterical
term, derivation of, 3
transference and, 10–11, 85–88
unconscious intentions in, 74–75
wish fulfillments in, 62–63, 150
see also Dora (case)
“Hysterical Phantasies and Their Relationship to Bisexuality” (Freud), 10, 48, 146–52
id, 33, 274, 275, 276, 277n, 281, 283, 290, 291, 298, 366
erotic character type and, 315, 317
identifications, 8, 21, 43, 253n, 356, 361, 368
in character formation, 275–76, 278
in hysteria, 64
incorporation of objects in, 124–25, 275n–76n, 288, 301
in Oedipus complex, 258, 274, 277–80, 298, 307, 312–13, 357
of pre-Oedipal period, 275–77
superego and, 31, 36, 274–80, 298
identification with the aggressor, 333n
identity formation, 43
idiopathic psychoses, 64
impotence, 24, 96, 100
in fantasies, 76
in marriage, 178–79, 207, 210
masturbation and, 187, 234, 285
psychical, 204, 206, 234
incest, 6, 37
see also Oedipus complex; seduction, childhood
incest taboo, 141–44, 298
incestuous affection, 139–40, 141, 142–43, 144
incestuous fantasies, 26, 32–33, 141–42
India, 210
infantile amnesia, 15, 106–7, 118, 221
infantile anxiety, 140
“Infantile Genital Organization, The” (Freud), 17, 27, 49, 126n, 267–71, 294
infantile sexuality, ix, 9, 13–14, 28–29, 51, 105–27, 128, 134, 150, 286–87
ambivalence in, 125–26
autoeroticism of, 7, 15, 29, 111–12, 124, 125, 168, 177
component instincts in, 16, 119–21, 124, 125–26, 127, 131
erotogenic zones in, 7, 16, 57, 109, 111–17, 119, 120–21, 124, 127, 168
manifestations of, 110–12
masturbation in, 7, 15, 26, 59, 110, 114–21, 184, 185, 286, 355–56
neglect of, 105–6, 107, 194
phases of, 69, 124–26; see also specific developmental phases
polymorphously perverse disposition in, 119
precocity of, 120–21, 139, 140, 141, 145, 179, 312, 341
sexual aim of, 112–14, 124, 127
sexual objects of, 124–25, 126, 138–43, 191, 268–69, 364
sources of, 126–27
sucking in, see sucking
inferiority:
intellectual, of women, 177, 346–47
sense of, 230, 231, 299, 310, 311, 326, 341, 360, 368
inhibitions, 128, 135, 183, 307, 326, 354
of latency period, 108, 109
marital, 208, 213
see also disgust; morality; pain; shame
Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety (Freud), 141n
insanity, see psychoses
insomnia, 110n
instincts, 19, 31, 89, 320
anal erotism and, 196–203
cultural suppression of, 292–93
death, 28, 33–34, 283, 284, 287–88, 289, 292, 293
dual theory of, 28, 33, 49, 283
ego-, 28, 191
Eros, 28, 33, 283, 288
for knowledge, 16–17, 121–22, 123, 155, 156, 159, 177
for mastery, 15, 29, 117, 120, 121, 125, 287
sexual, see specific topics
see also aggression
Interpretation of Dreams, The (Freud), 7, 8, 12, 48, 50, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 69, 147n, 150n, 260, 306
interpretations, 11, 242
of dreams, 54–55, 69, 84
intestinal disturbances, 70, 114
Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis (Freud), 141n, 344n, 361
inversion, see homosexuality
Italy, 52
jealousy, 81, 84, 88, 143, 324n, 328–29
derived from penis envy, 310–11, 312, 354, 368
see also sibling rivalry
Johnson, Virginia E., 44
Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious (Freud), 12
Jones, Ernest, 36, 42, 48, 49, 294, 304, 321–22, 340
Judith and Holofernes (Hebbel), 212
Jung, Carl, 28, 49, 135
justice, sense of, 305, 314, 361–62
Kassowitz Institute for Children’s Diseases, 6
Katharina (case), 6
Kinsey, Alfred, 45
kissing, 78, 97–98, 99, 112
in theories of birth, 163
Klein, Melanie, 36, 43, 49, 301, 322, 338
knowledge, instinct for, 16–17, 121–22, 155, 156
permanent injury to, 123, 159, 177
Krafft-Ebing, Richard von, 92, 102, 133, 205–6
Kraus, Karl, 178
Lampl-de Groot, Jeanne, 39, 324, 338, 358
latency period, 15, 108–10, 126, 128, 138, 185, 250, 271n, 357
education and, 108, 109–10
inhibitions of, 108, 109
interruptions of, 109–10
object-choice of, 139
Oedipus complex succeeded by, 281, 295, 296, 298
reaction-formations of, 108–9
sexual tension in, 131–32
sublimation of, 108–9
left-handedness, Fliess’s theory of, 51, 60–61, 66
libidinal character types, 36, 315–19
“Libidinal Types” (Freud), 36, 49, 315–19
libido, 8, 15, 57, 58, 90, 121, 148, 277n
in anxiety, 140
bisexuality of, 19–26, 359
dammed-up, 4–5, 26, 182
death instinct in, 33–34, 284, 287–88, 289
definition of, 133
disgust and, 58, 59
ego-, 134–35, 190–92, 276–77
masculinity of, 27, 41, 42, 59, 63, 136, 342
object-, 134, 135, 190, 191, 276–77
theory of, 133–35, 190, 194, 318, 342
Lindner, 110, 308
Little Hans (case), 28, 30, 49, 153, 156, 160n, 200n, 269n
London, 40, 42
looking, love of, see scopophilia
love, 28, 204, 317, 318, 361
state of being in, 192
unconscious mind and, 261–62
see also object-love
Löwenfeld, 65
Lucy R. (case), 5
lying dreams, 259–61
Macbeth (Shakespeare), 225
male sexuality, 16–17, 18–19, 21–22, 24, 29, 31, 325–26, 328, 330, 332
see also men; specific topics
“Manifestations of the Female Castration Complex” (Abraham), 17, 214
Mantegazza, Paolo, 84
Marcus, I. M., 183
marriage, 5–6, 23, 24–25, 45, 169, 171–72, 175–76, 245, 328, 356
children affected by, 179
contraception in, 166, 173, 179
as cure for women, 174, 244
frigidity in, 142, 176, 179, 207–11, 212
frustration in, 161–62, 166, 173, 176, 179
homosexual, 178n
impotence in, 178–79, 207–210
inhibitions in, 208, 213
second, 212, 213, 331, 360–61
sexual bondage necessary to, 206
sexual theories of children about, 123, 162–63, 225
unfaithfulness to, 173–74, 176
masculine narcissism, see overvaluation, masculine
masculine protest, 210, 215, 237–38, 239–40, 310n, 341
masculinity, 7–8, 9, 10, 19, 210, 266, 271
of clitoris, 27, 35, 38, 58, 158, 311–12, 321
of libido, 27, 41, 42, 59, 63, 136, 342
see also bisexuality; mental sexual characteristics
masculinity complex, 35, 36, 37–38, 40, 228, 316, 339, 361
derived from penis envy, 38, 299, 309–10, 313, 314, 327, 329, 353–54, 357–58
in female homosexual case, 263–64
as reaction-formation, 38, 309–10
masochism, 16, 32–36, 102–3, 105, 121, 149, 283–93
castration complex in, 102, 284
death instinct in, 33–34, 287–88, 289, 292, 293
erotogenic, 33–34, 231, 284, 285, 286, 287–89
fantasies in, 34, 233–34, 285–86, 288; see also beating fantasies
feminine, 34–35, 38, 44, 284, 285–86, 345
forms of, 285
guilt in, 32–33, 102, 226, 231, 285, 286, 289–90, 292, 293
masturbation and, 234–35, 285
moral, 35, 284–85, 286, 289–93