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Cover
Title
Copyright
Preface
Acknowledgements
1 Introduction: Sedimentology and Stratigraphy
1. 1.1 SEDIMENTARY PROCESSES
2. 1.2 SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS AND FACIES
3. 1.3 THE SPECTRUM OF ENVIRONMENTS AND FACIES
4. 1.4 STRATIGRAPHY
5. 1.5 THE STRUCTURE OF THIS BOOK
6. FURTHER READING
2 Terrigenous Clastic Sediments: Gravel, Sand and Mud
1. 2.1 CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENTS AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
2. 2.2 GRAVEL AND CONGLOMERATE
3. 2.3 SAND AND SANDSTONE
4. 2.4 CLAY, SILT AND MUDROCK
5. 2.5 TEXTURES AND ANALYSIS OF TERRIGENOUS CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
6. 2.6 TERRIGENOUS CLASTIC SEDIMENTS: SUMMARY
7. FURTHER READING
3 Biogenic, Chemical and Volcanogenic Sediments
1. 3.1 LIMESTONE
2. 3.2 EVAPORITE MINERALS
3. 3.3 CHERTS
4. 3.4 SEDIMENTARY PHOSPHATES
5. 3.5 SEDIMENTARY IRONSTONE
6. 3.6 CARBONACEOUS (ORGANIC) DEPOSITS
7. 3.7 VOLCANICLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
8. FURTHER READING
4 Processes of Transport and Sedimentary Structures
1. 4.1 TRANSPORT MEDIA
2. 4.2 THE BEHAVIOUR OF FLUIDS AND PARTICLES IN FLUIDS
3. 4.3 FLOWS, SEDIMENT AND BEDFORMS
4. 4.4 WAVES
5. 4.5 MASS FLOWS
6. 4.6 MUDCRACKS
7. 4.7 EROSIONAL SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES
8. 4.8 TERMINOLOGY FOR SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES AND BEDS
9. 4.9 SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES AND SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS
10. FURTHER READING
5 Field Sedimentology, Facies and Environments
1. 5.1 FIELD SEDIMENTOLOGY
2. 5.2 GRAPHIC SEDIMENTARY LOGS
3. 5.3 PALAEOCURRENTS
4. 5.4 COLLECTION OF ROCK SAMPLES
5. 5.5 DESCRIPTION OF CORE
6. 5.6 INTERPRETING PAST DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS
7. 5.7 RECONSTRUCTING PALAEOENVIRONMENTS IN SPACE AND TIME
8. 5.8 SUMMARY: FACIES AND ENVIRONMENTS
9. FURTHER READING
6 Continents: Sources of Sediment
1. 6.1 FROM SOURCE OF SEDIMENT TO FORMATION OF STRATA
2. 6.2 MOUNTAIN-BUILDING PROCESSES
3. 6.3 GLOBAL CLIMATE
4. 6.4 WEATHERING PROCESSES
5. 6.5 EROSION AND TRANSPORT
6. 6.6 DENUDATION AND LANDSCAPE EVOLUTION
7. 6.7 TECTONICS AND DENUDATION
8. 6.8 MEASURING RATES OF DENUDATION
9. 6.9 DENUDATION AND SEDIMENT SUPPLY: SUMMARY
10. FURTHER READING
7 Glacial Environments
1. 7.1 DISTRIBUTION OF GLACIAL ENVIRONMENTS
2. 7.2 GLACIAL ICE
3. 7.3 GLACIERS
4. 7.4 CONTINENTAL GLACIAL DEPOSITION
5. 7.5 MARINE GLACIAL ENVIRONMENTS
6. 7.6 DISTRIBUTION OF GLACIAL DEPOSITS
7. 7.7 ICE, CLIMATE AND TECTONICS
8. 7.8 SUMMARY OF GLACIAL ENVIRONMENTS
9. FURTHER READING
8 Aeolian Environments
1. 8.1 AEOLIAN TRANSPORT
2. 8.2 DESERTS AND ERGS
3. 8.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF WIND-BLOWN PARTICLES
4. 8.4 AEOLIAN BEDFORMS
5. 8.5 DESERT ENVIRONMENTS
6. 8.6 AEOLIAN DEPOSITS OUTSIDE DESERTS
7. 8.7 SUMMARY
8. FURTHER READING
9 Rivers and Alluvial Fans
1. 9.1 FLUVIAL AND ALLUVIAL SYSTEMS
2. 9.2 RIVER FORMS
3. 9.3 FLOODPLAIN DEPOSITION
4. 9.4 PATTERNS IN FLUVIAL DEPOSITS
5. 9.5 ALLUVIAL FANS
6. 9.6 FOSSILS IN FLUVIAL AND ALLUVIAL ENVIRONMENTS
7. 9.7 SOILS AND PALAEOSOLS
8. 9.8 FLUVIAL AND ALLUVIAL FAN DEPOSITION: SUMMARY
9. FURTHER READING
10 Lakes
1. 10.1 LAKES AND LACUSTRINE ENVIRONMENTS
2. 10.2 FRESHWATER LAKES
3. 10.3 SALINE LAKES
4. 10.4 EPHEMERAL LAKES
5. 10.5 CONTROLS ON LACUSTRINE DEPOSITION
6. 10.6 LIFE IN LAKES AND FOSSILS IN LACUSTRINE DEPOSITS
7. 10.7 RECOGNITION OF LACUSTRINE FACIES
8. FURTHER READING
11 The Marine Realm: Morphology and Processes
1. 11.1 DIVISIONS OF THE MARINE REALM
2. 11.2 TIDES
3. 11.3 WAVE AND STORM PROCESSES
4. 11.4 THERMO-HALINE AND GEOSTROPHIC CURRENTS
5. 11.5 CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL SEDIMENTATION IN OCEANS
6. 11.6 MARINE FOSSILS
7. 11.7 TRACE FOSSILS
8. 11.8 MARINE ENVIRONMENTS: SUMMARY
9. FURTHER READING
12 Deltas
1. 12.1 RIVER MOUTHS, DELTAS AND ESTUARIES
2. 12.2 TYPES OF DELTA
3. 12.3 DELTA ENVIRONMENTS AND SUCCESSIONS
4. 12.4 VARIATIONS IN DELTA MORPHOLOGY AND FACIES
5. 12.5 DELTAIC CYCLES AND STRATIGRAPHY
6. 12.6 SYNDEPOSITIONAL DEFORMATION IN DELTAS
7. 12.7 RECOGNITION OF DELTAIC DEPOSITS
8. FURTHER READING
13 Clastic Coasts and Estuaries
1. 13.1 COASTS
2. 13.2 BEACHES
3. 13.3 BARRIER AND LAGOON SYSTEMS
4. 13.4 TIDES AND COASTAL SYSTEMS
5. 13.5 COASTAL SUCCESSIONS
6. 13.6 ESTUARIES
7. 13.7 FOSSILS IN COASTAL AND ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENTS
8. FURTHER READING
14 Shallow Sandy Seas
1. 14.1 SHALLOW MARINE ENVIRONMENTS OF TERRIGENOUS CLASTIC DEPOSITION
2. 14.2 STORM-DOMINATED SHALLOW CLASTIC SEAS
3. 14.3 TIDE-DOMINATED CLASTIC SHALLOW SEAS
4. 14.4 RESPONSES TO CHANGE IN SEA LEVEL
5. 14.5 CRITERIA FOR THE RECOGNITION OF SANDY SHALLOW-MARINE SEDIMENTS
6. FURTHER READING
15 Shallow Marine Carbonate and Evaporite Environments
1. 15.1 CARBONATE AND EVAPORITE DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS
2. 15.2 COASTAL CARBONATE AND EVAPORITE ENVIRONMENTS
3. 15.3 SHALLOW MARINE CARBONATE ENVIRONMENTS
4. 15.4 TYPES OF CARBONATE PLATFORM
5. 15.5 MARINE EVAPORITES
6. 15.6 MIXED CARBONATE–CLASTIC ENVIRONMENTS
7. FURTHER READING
16 Deep Marine Environments
1. 16.1 OCEAN BASINS
2. 16.2 SUBMARINE FANS
3. 16.3 SLOPE APRONS
4. 16.4 CONTOURITES
5. 16.5 OCEANIC SEDIMENTS
6. 16.6 FOSSILS IN DEEP OCEAN SEDIMENTS
7. 16.7 RECOGNITION OF DEEP OCEAN DEPOSITS: SUMMARY
8. FURTHER READING
17 Volcanic Rocks and Sediments
1. 17.1 VOLCANIC ROCKS AND SEDIMENT
2. 17.2 TRANSPORT AND DEPOSITION OF VOLCANICLASTIC MATERIAL
3. 17.3 ERUPTION STYLES
4. 17.4 FACIES ASSOCIATIONS IN VOLCANIC SUCCESSIONS
5. 17.5 VOLCANIC MATERIAL IN OTHER ENVIRONMENTS
6. 17.6 VOLCANIC ROCKS IN EARTH HISTORY
7. 17.7 RECOGNITION OF VOLCANIC DEPOSITS: SUMMARY
8. FURTHER READING
18 Post-depositional Structures and Diagenesis
1. 18.1 POST-DEPOSITIONAL MODIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY LAYERS
2. 18.2 DIAGENETIC PROCESSES
3. 18.3 CLASTIC DIAGENESIS
4. 18.4 CARBONATE DIAGENESIS
5. 18.5 POST-DEPOSITIONAL CHANGES TO EVAPORITES
6. 18.6 DIAGENESIS OF VOLCANICLASTIC SEDIMENTS
7. 18.7 FORMATION OF COAL, OIL AND GAS
8. FURTHER READING
19 Stratigraphy: Concepts and Lithostratigraphy
1. 19.1 GEOLOGICAL TIME
2. 19.2 STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS
3. 19.3 LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY
4. 19.4 APPLICATIONS OF LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY
5. FURTHER READING
20 Biostratigraphy
1. 20.1 FOSSILS AND STRATIGRAPHY
2. 20.2 CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS
3. 20.3 EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS
4. 20.4 BIOZONES AND ZONE FOSSILS
5. 20.5 TAXA USED IN BIOSTRATIGRAPHY
6. 20.6 BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATION
7. 20.7 BIOSTRATIGRAPHY IN RELATION TO OTHER STRATIGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES
8. FURTHER READING
21 Dating and Correlation Techniques
1. 21.1 DATING AND CORRELATION TECHNIQUES
2. 21.2 RADIOMETRIC DATING
3. 21.3 OTHER ISOTOPIC AND CHEMICAL TECHNIQUES
4. 21.4 MAGNETOSTRATIGRAPHY
5. 21.5 DATING IN THE QUATERNARY
6. FURTHER READING
22 Subsurface Stratigraphy and Sedimentology
1. 22.1 INTRODUCTION TO SUBSURFACE STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY
2. 22.2 SEISMIC REFLECTION DATA
3. 22.3 BOREHOLE STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY
4. 22.4 GEOPHYSICAL LOGGING
5. 22.5 SUBSURFACE FACIES AND BASIN ANALYSIS
6. FURTHER READING
23 Sequence Stratigraphy and Sea-level Changes
1. 23.1 SEA-LEVEL CHANGES AND SEDIMENTATION
2. 23.2 DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCES AND SYSTEMS TRACTS
3. 23.3 PARASEQUENCES: COMPONENTS OF SYSTEMS TRACTS
4. 23.4 CARBONATE SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY
5. 23.5 SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY IN NON-MARINE BASINS
6. 23.6 ALTERNATIVE SCHEMES IN SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY
7. 23.7 APPLICATIONS OF SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY
8. 23.8 CAUSES OF SEA-LEVEL FLUCTUATIONS
9. 23.9 SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY: SUMMARY
10. FURTHER READING
24 Sedimentary Basins
1. 24.1 CONTROLS ON SEDIMENT ACCUMULATION
2. 24.2 BASINS RELATED TO LITHOSPHERIC EXTENSION
3. 24.3 BASINS RELATED TO SUBDUCTION
4. 24.4 BASINS RELATED TO CRUSTAL LOADING
5. 24.5 BASINS RELATED TO STRIKE-SLIP TECTONICS
6. 24.6 COMPLEX AND HYBRID BASINS
7. 24.7 THE RECORD OF TECTONICS IN STRATIGRAPHY
8. 24.8 SEDIMENTARY BASIN ANALYSIS
9. 24.9 THE SEDIMENTARY RECORD
10. FURTHER READING
References
Index
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