About the Book

Lindsey Davis began writing about the Romans with The Course of Honour, which tells the real-life love story of the Emperor Vespasian and Antonia Caenis. Her bestselling mystery series features laid-back First Century Roman detective Marcus Didius Falco and his partner Helena Justina, plus friends, relations, pets and bitter enemy the Chief Spy. She has also written Rebels and Traitors, a serious novel on an epic scale, set in the English Civil War and Commonwealth. Her books are translated into many languages, recorded for audio and serialised on BBC Radio 4. She has won the CWA Historical Dagger, the Dagger in the Library, and a Sherlock for Falco as Best Detective. She has been Honorary President of the Classical Association and is a past Chair of the Crimewriters’ Association. In 2009 she was awarded the Premio de Honor de Novela Historica by the Spanish City of Zaragoza, for her career as a historical novelist.

Acknowledgements

Note: Serious efforts have been made to contact copyright owners. Where this has been impossible, the author and publisher are willing to acknowledge any rightful copyright owner on substantive proof of ownership and would be grateful for any information as to their identity.

Creating a heroine from advice for entrants in the CWA Debut Dagger competition, edited by Liz Evans

The Course of Honour from an Afterword for St Martin’s Press (not used) and Marco Tropea

Website from an article by Ginny Lindzey for a Random House Newsletter

Quotations

All quotations from The Course of Honour and the Falco novels are © Lindsey Davis, reproduced by permission of the Random House Group Ltd

Aristophanes, The Birds, translated by David Barrett, (Penguin Classics, 1978) © David Barrett and Alan H Sommerstein/reproduced by permission of Penguin Books Ltd

Jérôme Carcopino, Daily Life in Ancient Rome, Translated E. O. Lorimer, 1941 © reproduced by permission of Taylor & Francis/Yale University Press

Raymond Chandler, The Simple Art of Murder, (1934) © Raymond Chandler/reproduced by permission of Ed Victor Ltd Selected Letters of Raymond Chandler, ed Frank MacShane, (1981) © Raymond Chandler/reproduced by permission of Ed Victor Ltd Raymond Chandler, The High Window, (1942) © Raymond Chandler/reproduced by permission of Ed Victor Ltd Raymond Chandler, The Big Sleep, (1939) © Raymond Chandler/reproduced by permission of Ed Victor Ltd

Stella Gibbons, Cold Comfort Farm, (1932) © Stella Gibbons/reproduced by permission of Curtis Brown Ltd

John Henderson, A Roman Life: Rutilius Gallicus on paper and in Stone, (University of Exeter Press, 1998) © John Henderson/reproduced by permission of University of Exeter Press

Horace’s Satires, translated by Niall Rudd, (Penguin Classics, 1973) © Niall Rudd/reproduced by permission of Penguin Books Ltd

Horace, Odes, translated by James Michie, (Penguin Classics, 1964) © James Michie/reproduced by permission of the Estate of James Michie/David Higham Associates Ltd

Juvenal, The Sixteen Satires, translated and introduced by Peter Green, (Penguin Classics, 1967) © Peter Green/reproduced by permission of Penguin Books Ltd

Livy, The Early History of Rome, translated by Aubrey de Sélincourt, (Penguin Classics, 1960) © Estate of Aubrey de Selincourt/reproduced by permission of Penguin Books Ltd

Martial, The Epigrams, translated by James Michie, (Penguin Classics, 1978) © James Michie/reproduced by permission of the Estate of James Michie

Ed McBain, Cop Hater, (Permabooks, 1956) © Ed McBain/reproduced by permission of Curtis Brown Group Ltd Ed McBain, Give the Boys a Great Big Hand, (Simon & Schuster Inc, 1960) © Ed McBain/reproduced by permission of Curtis Brown Group Ltd

Ed McBain, The Heckler, (Simon & Schuster Inc, 1960) © Ed McBain/reproduced by permission of Curtis Brown Group Ltd

Persius, Satires, translated by Naill Rudd, (Penguin Classics, 1973) © Niall Rudd/reproduced by permission of Penguin Books Ltd/David Higham Associates Ltd

Petronius, The Satyricon, translated by J P Sullivan, (Penguin Classics, 1965) © J P Sullivan/reproduced by permission of Penguin Books Ltd/David Higham Associates Ltd

Letters of Pliny the Younger, translated by Betty Radice, (Penguin Classics, 1963) © Betty Radice/reproduced by permission of Penguin Books Ltd

Steven H Rutledge, Imperial Inquisitions, (Routledge, 2001) © Steven H Rutledge, reproduced by permission of Taylor and Francis Books Ltd

Walter Carruthers Sellar and Robert Julian Yeatman, 1066 And All That, (Penguin Books, 1930) © Walter Carruthers Sellar and Robert Julian Yeatman/reproduced by permission of Penguin Books Ltd

Seneca, Letters from a Stoic, translated Robin Campbell, (Penguin Classics, 1969) © Robin Alexander Campbell/reproduced by permission of Penguin Books Ltd

Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, translated by Robert Graves, (Penguin Classics, 1957), revised by Michael Grant, 1979: © Robert Graves/reproduced by permission of Carcanet Press Ltd/A P Watt Ltd on behalf of the Robert Graves Copyright Trust

Rosemary Sutcliffe, The Eagle of the Ninth, (1954/OUP, 2004) © Anthony Lawton 1954, reprinted by permission of Oxford University Press

Tacitus, Histories, translated by Kenneth Wellesley, (Penguin Classics, 1964) © Kenneth Wellesley/reproduced by permission of Penguin Books Ltd

Tacitus, Agrícola and Germania, translated by H Mattingley, (Penguin Classics, 1948) © Estate of H Mattingley/reproduced by permission of Penguin Books Ltd

Virgil, The Aeneid, translated by W P Jackson Knight, (Penguin Classics, 1956) © W P Jackson Knight/reproduced by permission of Penguin Books Ltd

Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, (Princeton University Press, 1994) ©Andrew Wallace-Hadrill/reproduced by permission of Princeton University Press

Emails and letters from readers © Iola Robertson, Vanessa Terry, Dave Lee Tripp, Barbara Young

Emails about ‘the Camel Joke’ © Dave Morris and Oliver Johnson

Feature from Metro, ‘And finally…’ © Associated Newspapers Ltd

Picture Acknowledgements

Model of Fishbourne Roman Palace © the curator of Fishbourne Roman Palace, all rights reserved

Images of: chariot racing, coin of Colosseum, goose, Antonia, Nilotic scene, silver ingot (‘pig’), prisoners in triumph and Vespasian © the Trustees of the British Museum, all rights reserved

Photographs of: Roman pan, Arch of Titus, ‘slave’ in Hypocaust (with kind permission from the ‘slave’), parrot mosaic, and Lindsey and Michelle at Alexandria © Michelle Breuer Vitt, all rights reserved

Reproduction of Trajan’s Library © Matthew Nicholls, all rights reserved

‘Hic Haec Hoc’ (personal gift to Lindsey) © Peter Godfrey

Rome Reborn: ‘Rome Reborn’ digital model © 2008 by The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Photograph of the model © 2009 by Past Perfect Productions srl (Rome). All rights reserved

Line drawings taken from Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities © Smith, Wayte, and Marindin (John Murray, 1890)

Map, Forma Urbis Romae from A Dictionary of the Classical World ed A A M Van den Heyden and H H Scullard, Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd, 1959 (originally Atlas van de Antieke Wereld, Elsevier)

Technical drawings of automaton, ballista, crossbow, groma, hodometer, lock, siphon engine, slot machine, steam engine, water organ, Maps of the Roman Empire and Rome and Plan of the Forum by Rodney Paull © Random House Group Ltd

All other photographs from the author’s family archives © Lindsey Davis, all rights reserved

Appendix:

Fragments from the Casa della Spia Principale, Rome

During stabilisation work to the lower Palatine Hill, remains came to light of a Roman house dating from the Republican era. Archaeologists made tentative links to a Tiberius Claudius Anacrites (previously unknown), possibly a mid-First Century imperial freedman granted grace-and-favour occupation of the building in return for unspecified services.

Fragments of documents were recovered, which it was hoped would be as important as scrolls from the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum, currently being studied with ambitious new techniques. Results so far on the Rome fragments, however, are disappointing. It would appear the occupant was a man of no great culture; his library contained only disparate documents with no literary merit. Several show an unhealthy interest in the murky world of informing.

CSP.1 Appears to be a speech, or draft of one, by the noted orator Paccius Africanus, accusing a low-born informer of calumny. It is not known whether this seriously revisionist speech was ever delivered.

CSP.2 Some kind of handbook for delatores. The writer had written it on the back of an old recipe.

CSP.3 Reverse of the above. The recipe.

CSP.4 Mutilated fragments of a play, tentatively identified as The Spook Who Spoke, author unknown, text otherwise lost.

CSP. 1: Speech of Paccius Africanus

Let me turn to the character of Marcus Didius Falco, distasteful though this must be. Consider what type of man he is. What is known of his history? No distinguished ancestors adorn his pedigree. We shall search in vain for consuls, senators or generals. He was born, in extreme poverty, in one of the anonymous buildings close to the Temple of Ceres, an infamous haunt of outsiders and the lower class of plebeian. His education was meagre and he grew up fatherless.

As a young recruit he was sent to the province of Britain. It was the time of the Boudiccan Rebellion. Of the four legions then in Britain, some were subsequently honoured for their bravery and the glory of their victory over the rebels. Was Falco among their number? No. The men in his legion disgraced themselves by not responding to the call from their colleagues for help. They stayed in camp. They did not fight. Others were left to achieve honour while the Second Augusta, including Didius Falco, abandoned them, earning only disgrace. It is true that Falco was obeying orders; others were culpable – but remember, as a servant of the Senate and People, that was his heritage.

He claims he was then a scout. I can find no record of this. He left the army. Had he served his time? Was he wounded out? Was he sent home with an honourable diploma? No. He wheedled himself an exit, under terms that are shrouded in secrecy.

We next hear of this man, operating as the lowest type of informer from a dingy base on the Aventine. He spied on bridegrooms, destroying their hopes of marriage with slanders [text lost] He preyed on widows in their time of bereavement [text lost]

Didius Falco did seedy work, often for unpleasant people. Some time around then he had a stroke of enormous luck for a man of his class. The daughter of a senator fell in love with him. It was a tragedy for her family, but for Falco it proved a passport to respectability. Ignoring the pleas of her parents, the headstrong young woman ran off with her hero. Her noble father’s fortunes declined sharply from that moment. Her brothers were soon inveigled into Falco’s web, subject to his incorrigible influence. Now, instead of the promising careers that once lay ahead, they are facing ruin with him … [manuscript corrupt]

By means I dread to guess, Didius Falco managed to ingratiate himself with those in the highest positions. Pitying, perhaps, the plight of his once-noble wife, the Emperor allowed him to conduct work of a sensitive nature, which might otherwise be entrusted to worthier men. Before her death, Caenis considered him for honours, but quickly saw through him. Acting with a partner whose sinister identity to this day remains hidden, Falco was permitted to work on the Census. His efforts brought ruination to many who had previously flourished, businessmen whose industry had benefited our city, men who had won everyone’s admiration for their talent and self-sacrifice. It made no difference: Didius Falco laid them low, ruthlessly profiting from their fall. He had been poor. After plundering with impunity, he was suddenly a man of substance.

Whenever things grew too hot for him in Rome, he disappeared from the city to hideaways abroad. He even travelled outside the Empire, shamelessly venturing among barbarians who shun Rome and even those who have openly waged war upon us. Veleda, our most implacable enemy, played host to him before she was brought to justice.

Putting on a habitual show of ambition for his children’s sake, it was inevitable that Falco would seek honours. To everyone’s amazement, he was made Procurator of the Sacred Geese of Juno and the Augurs’ Chickens. What more respected position could there be, connected with the safety of Rome and one of our oldest festivals? But it ended badly. Before [text lost] years expired, Falco was summoned before the Praetor on the most terrible charge: impiety. His accuser, plainly a man of great rectitude, was reluctantly compelled to accuse Falco of irreverence to the gods and dereliction of his temple duties. Though the evidence was clear, the case was dismissed, one more example of him avoiding accountability.

[Manuscript ends]

CSP.2: The Forum Informer’s Handbook

Eat before surveillance. Be meticulous about what you eat. Diarrhoea on watch is disastrous.

Always know where to find a public latrine.

Identify the nearest vigiles station-house.

Carrying a weapon in Rome is illegal. Don’t let that stop you.

Clothes: dress to meld in. Have some professional pride though: be stylish.

Your belt is an ornament, a sign of taste and character. Choose one that won’t break while being used as a whip or garrotte. If things get really bad, you can hang yourself with it.

Your boots should be sturdy and comfortable. It is polite to clean off the mule-dung when visiting decent houses.

Denied access in the morning? Try again in the afternoon; you may get a different door-porter. Same one? Try a bigger bribe. Don’t thump him. He may let out the watchdog. Never thump a dog. You don’t want a bad name.

Don’t encumber yourself with shopping, however brilliant the bargain.

Never sleep with clients, suspects, slaves or unattractive barmaids.

Always know this week’s festivals and entertainments. You may hate the Games and the theatre, but one day you may need to concoct an alibi. Or to check the fake alibis of suspects and witnesses.

Have money on you. Hide it.

Don’t hide it so well you can’t get at it when you need to pay a bribe or buy a rissole.

Learn Greek. It makes you seem like a clerk, but saves paying an interpreter.

Don’t drink and delve.

CSP.3: Recipe

Ingredients: Turbot. Sauce

Method: First find your fish kettle.

Poach turbot gently in oil, wine vinegar, water, bay leaves, pepper, to taste.

Sauce: Combine pepper, lovage, caraway seed, celery seed, finely chopped onion (go easy), wine, wine vinegar, fish stock and olive oil. Boil. Simmer. Thicken with flour.

CSP.4: The Spook Who Spoke

[margin corrupt]

CHARACTER: What, has this thing appeared again tonight?

GHOST: That bastard’s done me in; hire an informer …

MOSCHION: The question is … [text missing]

CLOWN: I say, I say. A customer returns to the slave market. That slave you sold me died last night! Slave-owner replies, That’s funny, he was perfectly all right when I had him!

[margin corrupt]

? FEMALE CHARACTER: I’m worried about Moschion.

? OTHER FEMALE CHARACTER: He’s just a lad. They all get like that – hate their parents, can’t find a girlfriend, give up their studies after your husband has spent all that money – it’s just his age … [text missing]

MOSCHION: In the most noble city of Rome, a little before the mighty Julius fell, the graves stood empty and the dead all squeaked and gibbered in the Roman streets …

CLOWN: I say, I say, a stranger is passing the funeral of a woman. Who is resting in peace here? Her husband answers, Me, now I’ve got rid of her! …

MOSCHION: Oh mother! [end of scroll]

Background, Writing and Research

The Author’s Birth and Background

Anyone planning to be a writer needs to start before they are born.

People ask for advice. It’s simple: be the child of a famous published author; use their surname. You will be published immediately. Join writers’ cliques; your books will always be reviewed.

You must: be blond, stay young, be photogenic. Or, write in your eighties, a different ploy, which carries risks and leads to a short career. Even then, you must be a well-spoken charmer with snowy white hair and elegant attire.

Never reveal that you write in a paint-stained velour leisure suit, with orthopaedic inserts in your thermal slippers.

Once born: organise your book jacket biography. Work on a tramp streamer in the South Seas. Serve a prison term; treasure that transsexual’s bigamy claims against you (boast or deny this, according to taste); catalogue your experiences with your pet lion cub (make it die in poignant circumstances). You must have an abusive father, a cheating husband, delinquent children and whimsical cats to write about. What else is there?

I knew none of this. I had no authors in my pedigree, though my father had done academic editing for Robert Maxwell’s press. Connections in publishing have helped many new authors. But Mum made Dad give up his Maxwell work because she did not trust the man. In this, as in so many things, Joanie’s perceptiveness glowed bright.

I was born in Birmingham. Many authors have come from there, though most keep quiet about it.

Brum has no Roman heritage. We pretend there is a ‘fort’ beside the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, but it’s just a signal station. I grew up in an inventive manufacturing city with a strong Nonconformist background, still famous then for cars, guns, jewellery, chocolate, HP sauce. All gone, sadly. The dictionary definition of Brummagem is counterfeit, sham, cheap and showy, so like all Brummies, I droop under a permanent sense of shame.

My background was working-class. One grandfather was a foreman electrician – at the Gas Works – and the other a toolmaker. My cousin Jennie researches my mother’s family; the Barkers were butchers and hairdressers. Auntie Eleanor had a wool shop, Flo and Glad a general store. Lovely Uncle Wally Stephens founded the Thor Hammer Company. Great-Grandfather Barker, who lived in the Black Country, had kept a pub; he drank a bottle of whisky a day and would brandish a shotgun at closing time. He was thought eccentric. For instance, he believed handkerchiefs were dangerous; people should blow their noses on a piece of old rag, then throw it in the fire.

… your relatives, given you by nature with no effort on your part

HORACE

(telling us something?)

And he was an atheist, a follower of Charles Bradlaugh, the Northampton MP who secured the right of affirmation (instead of taking a religious oath)for Members of Parliament and witnesses in court. Bradlaugh’s Secular Society argued that freedom from religion was as much a human right as freedom of religion. One aim was to allow children to be withdrawn from religious assembly at school, though there were penalties for it: Stand up, the little boy whose father does not believe in God! Grandad Barker was so traumatised that our family never did this again – until me. My own secondary school had a strong religious foundation, but I was allowed to withdraw from the service at assembly so long as I promised not to do homework instead; I said, I’ll knit, then! (Not meant as offensive, but a practical solution.) My Aran and Fair Isle became exemplary.

On Dad’s side, his father was a toolmaker and his mother’s father a lamp-lighter. My great-great-grandad was a clockmaker, Martin Benzing, from Germany. A Socialist who had wanted to assassinate Bismarck, allegedly he lay in wait in a park where the Iron Chancellor went riding. Bismarck trotted past, slapping his riding crop, which broke; he hurled it into the bush where Martin was lurking. He grabbed it and fled. True: I have the yellowed ivory handle.

Supposedly, a Benzing became the Benson of ‘& Hedges’ but of course I am not a tobacco heiress or I could be a Celebrity Author and wear diamanté jumpsuits. Wealth stuck to my people only fitfully. Grandfather Davis went to Canada; a trustful man, he made a fortune in apple orchards, but his partner stole the money (twice). My father in turn left everything – nearly half a million pounds – to a woman he met through the small ads who, like a villainess in Falco, claimed she wasn’t good with money. The worst part of this was my estrangement from Dad. Incidentally, it was long after I invented Geminus.

As you see, my people lacked privilege. They all had trades or shops, though, rather than labouring or being servants. My family were not the intellectual class, effete, snooty and unable to wire an electric plug. We had no goofy twerps in plus-fours at big country-house parties, no female pioneers in Edwardian skirts sipping cocoa at early women’s colleges. Ours was an urban Victorian heritage: the Barkers doing moonlit flits when they could not pay the rent; Mum (young and appealing) being dispatched to beg pub landlords to send Grandad home so he didn’t spend all his wages; Grandma Davis hiring a barrel organ to raise money for the Jarrow miners. On both sides of my family was at least one man whose wife died in childbirth, after which – whatever gender historians maintain – the widower brought up the children.

My old man said ‘Follow the van!’ and don’t dilly-dally on the way
MUSIC HALL SONG

The Barkers were one such family. It was said that Grandad could get his wife pregnant just by hanging up his trousers on the end of the bed. Seven children survived, though we know there were others. A terrible tale is told that when my grandmother was in labour the last time, the doctor came downstairs and said, I can’t save your wife, but I can possibly save the baby – to which Grandad said no. Thereafter he brought up the rest with an iron hand, famously cooking with a dangling cigarette; the ash provided flavour. Stories of this hungry, noisy, teeming tribe, and the songs Grandad sang, permeated my childhood. Cousin Dorrell remembers life at their house, with her as a child scampering from room to room, not knowing where to settle because there was always something exciting going on somewhere else. Their catchphrase to visitors was Come in, sit down, what’ll you have to eat and drink?

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The Barkers at leisure

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Grandad and Grandma at the allotment

Another myth about the working classes is that: the Victorian working man received his wages and his wife might never see a penny. Grandad Davis knew his wife was the money-manager; he used to hand Lil his wage packet unopened. He died before I was born, but Grandma was a huge influence. She had friends everywhere; hers was another house where people constantly dropped in. A motto she gave me was: Never stand when you can sit; never sit when you can lie down. She was a tireless raconteur, a fund of stories. Dancing the tango with ‘Mr Paul’ Cadbury so everybody stopped to watch … Helping a nun run away from her convent … Grandad being chased by a policeman, for speeding (on his bike) all down the Pershore Road … I’m sure there was one about Grandad having once seen a crowd set upon a police constable and kill him. And let’s dispel another cosy myth: even after the Second World War the name of Winston Churchill was never mentioned, because of Gallipoli, where Gran had had three brothers killed, including Charlie, her favourite.

My parents were a curious pair, made for one another and yet doomed by association. Neither went to Grammar School, though both could have; Mum’s family could not afford it and Dad wanted to be out enjoying the world. So, they both worked at Boxfoldia and their first tryst was on a works outing, behind the summerhouse at Newnham College, Cambridge. They married during the war, in August 1942: 24–8–42 – not only a palindrome, but the probable anniversary of Vesuvius erupting in AD79.

I wish I had been at that wedding. Grandad Barker was so opposed, it was kept secret from him, but he found out and jumped on a bus to chase after the couple. When the registrar began, instead of ‘Do you, Joan Margaret …?’ he used the wrong name. Even when he got it right, Mum paused for an endlessly long time before answering …

Nonetheless it happened, as mistakes inexorably do. They lived in Bury at first, as Dad was posted up north; a mouse used to come out and warm itself in front of the fire and Lancashire hotpot became a staple of my childhood. Mum’s brothers had told Dad not to expect any dinner because Mum would always have her nose in a book; she just bought herself a cookbook. Dad was sent to India, running wireless communications on the Khyber Pass. Travel abroad was life-changing, which may resonate in Falco. Mum worked at an industrial company where her work was so secret she never disclosed it. She had a traumatic ectopic pregnancy; no doctor believed her complaints of pain until she collapsed in the street. She nearly died. It happened on her birthday, which from then on she refused to celebrate.

They were then obliged to wait, but four years after the war ended, my parents produced me. It was a difficult birth; I was three days in an incubator, when Mum never saw me and was afraid I had died.

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Joan and Bill wonder what they have done …

My earliest memory is when I was just a toddler. We lived briefly in a flat in Snow Hill, the very centre of Birmingham, where every time Mum ran out my nappies on the pulley washing line, they came in black with smuts. She used to take me for air and escape to St Philip’s Cathedral churchyard, where I was equally frightened by tramps and pigeons. Dad, to his credit, gained a degree by correspondence course, some feat with me, a very mardy baby; he became a lecturer at what was then the College of Commerce, teaching public administration and politics. I next remember sitting on the path at our first little house in Ward End, surrounded by wallflowers and butterflies.

When I was three and a half, my brother Maxwell was born. He and I were always good friends though very different; I think he started taking clocks apart to see how they worked before he could talk. (For a long time he didn’t bother to talk, because I did it for him.) Max had his first toolkit when most children were still on soft toys. He struggled at school; Mum had to help with his reading and I taught him his tables. I had a little blackboard because I wanted to be a teacher; in fact, I didn’t have an ‘imaginary friend’, I had a complete imaginary class, with names, IQs and characteristics, whose careers I followed in real time for years.

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To be a child in the 1950s was a mixture of opportunity and austerity. Birmingham had lost much of its housing stock, but now we lived in a new three-bed semi-detached, with metal windows, small gardens front and back, kitchen, bathroom, inside lavatory – even French windows. There was no central heating; in winter we had chilblains, we got dressed under the bedclothes, Jack Frost whitened the window glass, washing came in from the line solid with ice. Behind our row of houses lay ‘the little field’ – remains of a bomb site, a haven to play in. We were tough and sensible. Fathers just went and checked any new fly-tipping. Besides, it was nowhere near as dangerous as the flooded clay pit in the brickyard or the railway lines …Our play was grounded in imagination; toys were scarce, only given at Christmas and birthdays, though aunts and grandmas, or even close family friends, would slip a child some coppers, maybe even half a crown (you hid that, or it was ‘saved’ for you). I don’t remember sweet-rationing, though I do remember it ending. Birmingham children had the benefit of Cadbury misshapes, which came in plain brown bags and were always the wrong ones – Turkish delight and toffee, never strawberry creams.

My class at primary school had forty-four children. Everywhere was painted green. Sometimes they still tested the air-raid sirens. We cut pencils in half to save money. For art we had a print of The Laughing Cavalier in the hall. Music was covered more ambitiously; members of the Birmingham Symphony Orchestra would visit, and enormous radios would be brought into class for Time and Tune and Music and Movement (we’d be in anguish that the radio wouldn’t warm up in time for our favourite song). Although we preferred belting out ‘A Song of the Western Men’, we also learned to read a score, and studied ambitious pieces – Smetana’s Vltava, Stravinsky’s Petrushka. We learned things by heart; we did mental arithmetic and spelling tests. For general knowledge we had booklets stuffed with tables of weights and measures, or Kings and Queens of England. We’d collect the I Spy or Observer series; even as a townee, I knew my ragged robin from my cow parsley. Rosebay willowherb was easy, because of the bomb sites.

As her leg was made of wood

And she did not want it known

At the point on which she stood,

She had fixed a rubber cone

I was encouraged to read. Mum still liked her nose in a book, mainly from the library, though we did own books (more Left Book Club than classics). I was a rapid reader. I hated the Birmingham library policy that children were allowed only one fiction ticket to two non-fiction; you could cheat if your parents lent theirs, which must have been how I once read three Biggles books in a day. Mostly I liked books with strong young heroines, orphans who fought off adversity, like the Anne of Green Gables Mum passed on, Hodgson Burnett’s Little Princess and The Secret Garden. Other orphans were Edith Nesbit’s well-meaning Bastables, which I preferred to The Railway Children even though, like Little Women, it had a female writer, with the insidious suggestion that you could earn money that way …

Is Falco Biggles? – Discuss.

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We had books …

I came to some books through the radio: Noel Streatfeild, Tom’s Midnight Garden, Lorna Doone (Lorna Doone still means Butterworth’s Banks of Green Willow), The Hobbit (‘Kaschei’s Dance’) – and eventually Rosemary Sutcliff’s The Eagle of the Ninth: Sometime about the year AD 117 the Ninth Legion, which was stationed at Eboracum where York now stands, marched north to deal with a rising among the Caledonian tribes, and was never heard of again … Marcus set the bundle carefully on the table. ‘We have brought back the Hispania’s lost Eagle,’ he said, rather muzzily, and very quietly crumpled forward on top of it. Ever since The Flight of the Heron, I have known I do not belong to my parents but am Bonnie Prince Charlie (except when being Hornblower).

I cannot over-stress the importance of radio. My family rarely went to the cinema, and due to a mix of meanness and liberal principles, we did not acquire a TV until I was fourteen. I grew up with classical music in the evenings, the Light Programme at Grandma’s, music-hall numbers, Kathleen Ferrier – and radio drama, which is intricately bound up with written fiction for me. Saturday Night Theatre would introduce me to classic detective stories. Perhaps that’s why the Falco novels are told in the first person, as if he is talking to us in a radio play.

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… we had radio.

Another great feature of radio, then later TV, was comedy. My tastes are unfashionable; I preferred Michael Bentine of the Goons and never took to Monty Python, loathing the deep misogyny of male comics dressing up as hideous caricature women. I did my weekend homework with The Navy Lark and Round the Horne, before Pick of the Pops; and I loved the Pythons’ radio predecessor, I’m Sorry I’ll Read That Again. The point about these is that they had zany, quick-fire sketches, irreverence, non sequiturs, songs, in-jokes and catchphrases. Radio can do it, with a lightness of touch TV lacks; books do it. The facility to draw on all aspects of cultural life, firing a glancing shot then passing on rapidly, is special to the radio generation. Think of Terry Pratchett or Douglas Adams. Certainly think of Falco.

A vast behind! … I think I am a slice of rhubarb tart

My folks were upwardly mobile. The College of Commerce became Birmingham Polytechnic. We moved to a middle-class suburb, a 1930s house with dry rot and treacly brown paint that had to be burned off; we acquired central heating, a coke boiler that often jammed and blew off steam, bringing ceilings down and making the dog shit in terror all over the breakfast room (my brother had a dog; our new house had a ‘breakfast room’). What we didn’t have were friends. My father always had his colleagues at work but Mother was losing her contacts; my brother was put in a prissy primary school where the headmaster was over-keen on little girls and Max overheard a teacher sneer, He’s not as clever as his sister. The rot had set in.

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Author aged ten

I had passed the exams to King Edward’s, the Girls’ High School. There I was given a superb education, made friends I still have today, was taught by wonderful women – and was provided with a base of my own outside the family. It was understood that to be female was irrelevant. If you were given the tools, you could master any discipline; if you had the talent, you could become anything you chose. I would be, indeed I still am, shocked to discover that the world does not always accept those principles. Clearly they underpin everything I have done as a writer.

My school was the making of me intellectually, and when things fell apart at home, it was the saving of me too.

Things had begun to change when we moved. My mother discovered that my father – gregarious, popular, spoiled and self-centred – had a long history of philandering (he always pooh-poohed this, but I heard his confessions to Mum). My mother – once gregarious and popular herself – became isolated and secretive. Divorce was rare, and carried a stigma. Instead, once Max and I were in bed, my parents quarrelled – shouting, slamming doors. I lay awake in dread, night after night, through most of my teen years. Eventually my mother had a nervous breakdown. Psychiatric treatment entailed barbiturates and a stay in hospital where she had electro-convulsive treatment. Now I know what that entails, I can hardly bear to think of it being imposed on a human being. If ‘electric shock treatment’ was given to prisoners of war, it would be denounced as torture. Psychiatrists say it works. I suggest it ‘works’ because patients who can do so, simply close down and look obedient to make the experience stop.

Mum came home. Her true personality was lost. We carried on. That was what you did. Families kept secrets. Even my brother and I never spoke about it; I never knew if he heard or understood what happened.

I passed my exams – though with very mixed results, a rarity at King Edward’s which, then as now, excelled at training girls to pass. My results could be due to undiagnosed hay fever in the exam season, laziness about subjects where I needed to work, or my unhappy home life and lack of sleep. I mention it because these days when only rows of A*s count, people like me must suffer. Instead, I stayed for an extra term to do the Oxbridge entrance exams and Lady Margaret Hall at Oxford accepted me. So I went to the best university and now carry out a profession where I use scholarship and serious creativity. Think on, foolish grade snobs!

I had elected to read English because I was better at it, rather than History, which would have been my first choice. This proved right. My course was ‘English Language and Literature’; I revelled in both parts equally. However much attention is paid to the history, Eng Lang and Lit are the true underpinnings of my work. I write novels first, historical novels second. Despite experimental moments, they are in the tradition of English fiction. Their important constituents are plot, character, dialogue and narrative approach. My tools are grammar and vocabulary. Selection of detail is a vital element, and that may be historical, but without the rest, everything would be banal. Plenty of banal novels are published, but you read mine because you have better taste.

In my second year at Oxford, a terrible event occurred. My brother Maxwell had always struggled at school; his genius was technical, not academic. We were both painfully shy in company, gauche with the opposite sex, crushed by failures. I at least always had a very sharp sensitivity whereas he was other-worldly. When he hit puberty he became depressed, ran away ‘to think’, complained of suicidal feelings.

Strings were pulled to get him into the psychiatric unit where my mother had been treated. He had the same regime of drugs and ECT. Staff thought he was recovering and allowed him to go by himself to a day room, to play his guitar. The unit was on the fifth floor. It had safety locks on the windows, but Max simply unscrewed one. He went out and died of his injuries. He was seventeen.

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My mother was prostrate. I accompanied my father to the inquest. The coroner concluded, He just had a hard time growing up. The verdict was simply that he killed himself. My parents were told that the unit would be moved. It wasn’t. Some years later when other patients committed suicide there, I wrote to the psychiatrist, who used the tired justification When people really want to kill themselves, they will. It seems to me that with young people at least, whose problems are put down to adolescence, strenuous efforts to keep them safe might help them outgrow their difficulties and survive.

When I returned to college, I sat alone on my bed and thought, Nothing will ever be as bad as this again.

Sometimes I write about those whose lives are changed for ever by the actions of other people, and I do so with feeling. I probably had no inkling immediately that as a result I would never marry or have children, both of which I wanted. Men fled. I don’t blame them; my family looked mad and I became a strange person for many years. Any who were strong enough to cope were too strong and would have swamped me. I won’t ever write a misery memoir; I pity the people who do and those who are connected with them. But in a discussion of my work, this is a defining issue.

I don’t say a writer must live alone; that is clearly untrue. But it helps. I always enjoyed writing and would probably one day have tried it, but I doubt if I would have left the civil service if I had had responsibilities. The poverty and uncertainty I then lived in for nearly five years could not have been imposed on others. Getting first published is so hard, I needed to work at it full time. It took four years to my first book – and as I was always refusing to follow trends, that was actually quite good going.

Most definitely, I have written the Falco series at one book a year, which is a very tough schedule. They are dense books, longer than some novels; such production was possible only because I had long quiet periods for writing. Richard and I had the closest companionship for over thirty years but I remained single; I did most of my creative work at times when I was alone in a quiet house.

I reject ‘writing as therapy’; you need to filter and mould. What I know of life shines through my work, but no book of mine is intended to be autobiographical. It’s partly ironic that the Falco series is so much about families. That said, my work has consoled me for grief and disappointment. My books will be what justify my existence. They gave me, too, financial independence to match the personal independence I had been forced to acquire.

When I was a small child, before my mother lost her happiness, she used to send me to sleep with lullabies; one was a Paul Robeson song that included the words Do you want the moon to play with? The stars to run away with? They’ll come if you don’t cry

She did know what I became, and it was a solace for her. For me, from the moment I held the first copy of the first book, I was playing with the moon and stars.

Being a Writer

Although I had always wanted to write, and knew that I wanted to write historicals, it was only in my last year as a civil servant that I began. That was in the dark days of Thatcher’s Britain, when the career I had chosen, which once had been well-paid and respected, turned into something different. Those of us who should have been overseeing how taxpayers’ money was spent and advising the government on policy issues were viewed only as numbers – unwanted numbers. Outside ‘consultants’ were brought in, with a remit to destroy systems and dispense with staff. We were distrusted, with our careers under threat and our rewards slashed.

I had let slip that I myself wrote for relaxation. Always a mistake. People want to know if your work has been copied up by scroll-sellers, or if you have given readings socially. Saying no shrinks your standing; saying yes makes their eyes glaze defensively. Though I mentioned that I sometimes toyed with the idea of hiring a hall to give an evening of my love poems and satires, it was said ruefully. Everyone, including me, was convinced it was a dream. [TFL]

I wrote a romantic novel to cheer myself up. I did so in secret. You should never say you are trying to write and never discuss work in progress until it is in print.

I saw an advert for the Georgette Heyer Historical Novel Prize, for unpublished manuscripts. I submitted mine, was shortlisted, and realised I might be able to do this. Not so simple – over five years, I submitted four scripts. Three reached the shortlist: one became a serial in Woman’s Realm; one appeared ten years later as The Course of Honour; another was The Silver Pigs. I never won, not even with those two last books, now in print for decades and loved by readers around the world.

The prize deadline was always the end of August, so I wrote a book every year, ending then. Excellent training! I am, though, always as close to a deadline as I can be – ever since school where I would run down the corridor to shunt my essay into a pigeonhole, just as the teacher came to collect. I used to take my bundles up to London myself, to gain an extra day over posting them. I still hand-deliver to my agent.

After I had posted The Course of Honour by hand, I made my way slowly home. It was very hot. During the chillier midnight printing of my work (technology was slow back then), rather than turn the central heating back on, I had added extra clothes. I stood in Tottenham Court Road tube station, stifling in a thermal vest and a jumper. As the girl came running up the steps, I realised she was wearing far too many clothes

I went home and wrote the first page of The Silver Pigs. I had no idea who was speaking, in what period and background, or from which steps.

This answers one question rather unhappily, because when people ask, Where do you get your ideas?, obviously they do not want me to say, From a thermal vest!

And that’s where Falco came from?

Could be. According to Richard, we were watching Mike Hammer, a TV series we liked, and he said, You should write about a Roman detective

For me, writing is a job. Ethereal forces don’t provide inspiration. I had read detective stories and, significantly, heard detective dramas on radio. When I finished The Course of Honour, I had just finalised a large project, emptied my imagination and was ready for something new. My brain is a hot compost of ideas; many could be forked up, have the woodlice shaken off them and be worked into novels. Some were. Some still will be, perhaps.

For years, I kept folders with titles, disconnected paragraphs, even a page or two of dialogue between feisty heroines and covetable chaps. People who are trying to be authors are scared of letting a Big Idea escape. I had been a civil servant. My filing system is good. But none of my old folders contained anything like The Silver Pigs. The idea for a spoof gumshoe in the ancient world was new (and therefore exciting). I still have the old folders, though of course, now I’ve mentioned them, they will have to be shredded.

I came home and wrote that opening page. So I opened a new folder.

I still have that too: a beige Slimpick Wallet, slightly worn on the edges, with a few ink smears and one blob of what may be spilt tea. This folder, called ‘Mickey Spartacus Notes’, contains: timelines (five or six duplicates) of the First Century imperial period; lists; newspaper cuttings; a Port Guide to Civitavecchia (revised 6/84), a postcard of the Via Appia Antica; vocabularies; a Calendar of Holidays and Festivals (dated 1998); a hand-traced map of ancient Rome with coloured crayoning; and the original photo of ‘Nux’, a doggie who caught Richard’s eye on a Greek island. There is a page of mathematical calculations, involving both linear and liquid measures, in three colours of biro, which I believe to be an olive oil sum for A Dying Light in Corduba. Will I ever get to use the news-clipping: Ferret Foils Police Stake-out? …

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Did Falco come from there?

No; I opened the folder once he turned up. I hardly ever look at it now. My filing system’s purpose, as Falco might scoff, is to lie in a cupboard looking neat.

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Author and agent typically relaxing, in a Rome hosteria

So the answer is, I don’t know. Tough luck, wannabe writers who plan to steal the pattern for Knit Your Own Falco.

I wrote the first book. I found an agent. She found us a publisher. Just like that? No. Several agents turned me down. Many editors said no to Heather.

It took four years, though it seemed much longer, to see The Silver Pigs in print. There was a delay at the end because apparently the book was printed in China and failed to arrive on time; a slow sampan, clearly.

The Writing Day: Do you have a routine?

If I wanted to work 9 to 5, I could have stayed in a ‘real’ job.

My deadline is fixed. My contract is non-negotiable, says Falco to Avienus, who supposedly has ‘writer’s block’. And I shall deliver on time, like a true professional. The masterpiece will be rolled up neatly and fastened with a twist of string. There will be supporting proofs, cogently explained in exquisitely constructed sentences. Informers don’t hide behind ‘blocks’. The guilty go before the judge. [OB] My system is to get the work done – 100,000 words every year. This is how:

My radio alarm turns on Radio 3, the classical music programme, at 7.30; during the next hour I wake up. In the following hour I get up. Nowadays, instead of buying my newspaper while the kettle boils I go for a healthy walk in the park and then buy it. (Not having a paper delivered derives from when I first began working at home; it makes me leave the h