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Table of Contents
 
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Foreword
Acknowledgements
 
CHAPTER 1 - JUST ASK: A WORLD OF MIRACLES AWAITS
 
Jesus and His Followers Healed People—It’s in the Bible!
Praying with Faith: How It Works
But Does It Make Sense?
What’s the Appeal?
Conclusion
 
CHAPTER 2 - WORSHIP AND MUSIC
 
But Is This in the Bible?
Why Pentecostalism’s Working-Class Enthusiasm Is Appealing
Latino Music and the Appeal of Pentecostalism
Jazz and the Appeal of Pentecostalism
 
CHAPTER 3 - TONGUE-TALKING
 
Six Things Michelle Teaches Us
Where Did Tongue-Talking Come From?
Nudity, Love, and Tongues: Tongues in Private and in Public
Why This Appeals to So Many People
Conclusion
 
CHAPTER 4 - PROSPERITY (OR MONEY, MONEY, MONEY, MONEY)
 
Pentecostals and Money: Contemporary Manifestations
The Problems with Prosperity
The Promise and Appeal of the Prosperity Gospel
 
CHAPTER 5 - STORYTELLING
 
The Bible Is Mostly Stories, or, Once Upon a Time Jesus Told a Lot of Stories
Pentecostalism as Acts 29: The Story Continues
Witches, Wizards, and Christ, Oh My! The Power of Conversion Stories
What’s the Appeal?
 
CHAPTER 6 - POWER AND SPIRITUAL WARFARE
 
Power and Spirits in the Bible
What Are the Problems?
What’s the Appeal?
 
CHAPTER 7 - PROPHECY, VISIONS, AND DREAMS
 
Prophecy, Visions, and Divine Revelation
Prophecy, Visions, and Dreams in the Bible
The Worm in the Apple
What’s the Appeal?
 
CHAPTER 8 - HOPE, JOY, AND EMOTION
 
Hope, Joy, and Emotion in the Bible
What Are the Problems?
What’s the Appeal?
 
NOTES
THE AUTHOR
INDEX

001

To all who allow the Spirit to guide
them into paths of peace.

FOREWORD
002
Since I am what many Pentecostals would call an “outsider” to their cultures and theologies, I have to introduce myself. For over fifty years I have been teaching and writing books and articles about Christianity (and sometimes other faiths). Most of the research and writing has dealt with North American Christianity, and includes some accounts of the rise and development of Pentecostalism and various charismatic movements. More recently my attention turned to a larger scene as I wrote a smallish book, The Christian World: A Global History. In the latter chapters of the book, as sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Latin America became the focus, Pentecostalism—though I had to treat it all too briefly—showed up as a face of the future of much of Christianity. One cannot deal fairly with twenty-first century Christian history without giving an ever-greater place to Pentecostalism.
Dazzled as I am by stories of Pentecostal growth and success, I remain outside the movement. Being the “other” at many kinds of Christian gatherings is not a new situation. There are 38,000 Christian denominations at latest account, but every few minutes that number changes. While many of these denominations represent families of churches or are parts of coalitions, councils, or partnerships, the number of Christian phenomena remains almost incomprehensibly huge. When I attended and reported on the Second Vatican Council, though I share the basic faith and the creeds and stories, I was a “non-Catholic” presence. In the Eastern world, the Orthodox think of me as “the other,” and, vice versa I have to add. When I am part of a convention or congress self-labeled “Evangelical,” I get introduced as “this year’s non-Evangelical representative.” I respond by noting that ordinarily I am the only person in the room who belongs to a church body with the word “Evangelical” in it—the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.
That may be more autobiography than you need or want, but I hope those paragraphs help set the stage for what follows, and can serve as a kind of invitation to an audience that does not share all the presuppositions of the actors on stage. Similarly, I hope that those readers who are Pentecostal will remember that their word and world and workings need translation—which is what Paul Alexander’s book offers—if that audience is to make some sense of Pentecostalism. My guide in these matters is the philosopher Spinoza, who wrote that when he set out to understand complex phenomena, he made a sedulous effort not to laugh, not to cry, not to denounce, not to judge, but to understand. In that spirit I have read much Pentecostal literature, met with Pentecostal scholars, attended gatherings, always sympathetically, but never to the point that I am led to shared convictions.
Perhaps some winced when I described myself as an “outsider.” The Pentecostal reach, scope, and mission is generous and expansive, and in many ways it may not want to condemn anyone to outsiderhood or the status of the stranger. One can almost hear a hearty “y’all come!” from Pentecostals and a quiet narrative base invitation from Professor Alexander. What I meant by stressing the “stranger” status is to remind readers of the hermeneutical situation. By hermeneutics here is meant an endeavor to understand a phenomenon—and Pentecostalism is certainly a phenomenon!—by observing carefully, parking one’s presuppositions at the door insofar as that is possible—and by being aware of how such differing presuppositions color what is said and done.
To take an illustration of ecumenical importance. Christians believe in baptism—I am speaking of what Pentecostals would call “the first baptism,” with a second one to follow—but they bring different interpretations of the biblical narratives, commands, and promises. Give all the biblical texts that allude to baptism to a Christian from an infant-baptizing community on one hand and the same text to one who believes that only older children and adults should be baptized by immersion. Give the same text to believers in “Catholic” and “mainline” Protestant traditions who baptize in various forms, though always with water. Have some of each attend the same seminary, the same conferences, the same gatherings, and let them then converse. A year goes by, and then a lifetime. Some from either camp may convert to the other, and all will profit from joint study. But assumptions that participants bring color what they find and how they interpret it. It is not that only one set is prejudiced and the other not. Nor, let me hasten to add, is there seldom movement from one camp to another, though conversions do occur; how else could Pentecostal movements gain new millions, not all of them babies!
It is urgent that Christians everywhere work (and are graced) to understand “the other.” In their various bodies they make up one-third of the population of the world, and pray and engage in mission to gain more to the fold. If they are ignorant of each other, mistrustful of others, unwilling to keep each other in prayer, grieve at the losses of others, or fail to celebrate the joys and victories of others, they harm the Christian cause and stand in the way of the movement of the spirit. Does this spirit of understanding and welcome undercut the efforts to clarify and expound the faith? Do friendly reaches across boundaries mean that conviction has to be lessened, and that everything has to turn soft and mushy? Not at all. Whoever confesses participation in the Body of Christ, and who celebrates “one Lord, one faith, one baptism, one God and Father of us all” can turn his or her back on others or fail to accept the gift and share the tasks with others, misses out on so much and thwarts the movement of the spirit.
A committed Lutheran, I am also a committed ecumenist. Some would say that it is important to draw boundaries. We all know, tragically, that there are boundaries between and among Pentecostals and non-Pentecostals. These can become barriers on both and all sides of these sects, and schisms, spite, and even hatred can rule. Asked why I am curious about Pentecostalism, am awed by its appeal (especially in the “poor world,” where growth is so impressive), and beguiled by the diversity it represents, I answer, “for the same reason I am interested and hope to feel welcome in the circles of Eastern Orthodox Christianity and other parts of the church which are not my natural home.”
So I urge the reading of Paul Alexander’s Signs and Wonders as a second-best introduction to Pentecostalism, the first being “being there.” He offers a clear narrative line, issues helpful explanations, and gives something of the experience one recognizes at Pentecostal events or in Pentecostal ventures. While I have studied the Pentecostal experience as it has been analyzed by biblical scholars, theologians, philosophers, historians, psychologists, anthropologists, phenomenologists, and liturgiologists—what a cluster of scholarly “sects” we have engendered and enjoyed—most of them keep the reader or observer at a distance. They tend to be “objective” and “reductionist ,” meaning that they “reduce” what they are studying to something else. (So Pentecostalism is reduced to something being explicable as a movement of the poor or, formerly, the uneducated, or the psychologically needy.) Alexander is not “objective,” though he is fair-minded, and he is not a “reductionist ,” because he takes Pentecostalism seriously on its members’ own terms. That is why one may learn, or why I learned, much from it.
Not that I left my analytical hat and skeptical spectacles in the next room as I read. “Try the spirits!” is a biblical command and an injunction to historians, who are not to be gullible, nor to accept every conflicting thing because somebody utters it or claims it. So I have to say that I winced in some stories, winked when some explanations asked too much of me, kept my fingers crossed as I turned pages—and yet was strangely moved and, again, figuratively taken by the hand and walked through Pentecostalism in the Bible, in Christian history, around the globe. The book is simple but not simplistic, moving as it does between technical subjects made comprehensible and obvious topics rendered subtly.
In a couple of cases the author talks about Pentecostal swindles or scandals; there have been enough of these to embarrass the movement. Still, when hundreds of millions of Christians are part of it, one has to expect some shocks. Think of the Catholic-clergy sexual scandals, also a blight on a part of the church which numbers a billion faithful and semi-faithful. In a couple of cases he seems unconvinced of the authenticity when something drastically beyond the norm occurs, as in the case of some healing. Yet at other times he reports sympathetically and shows that he regards a phenomenon as valid and compelling. He is especially good at accounting for Pentecostal surges and successes. I might have liked some more attention to the works of mercy, and sometimes of justice, which characterize Pentecostal congregational and individual lives in many places. Maybe they’ll receive their due in a Volume II.
For those of us who keep our guard up as we hear extravagant claims, it is valuable to read someone who drops his guard. In the nineteenth century it was said of a skeptical modernist theologian that it is frustrating to be told in advance what to believe. Alexander does not frustrate, and allows the believers to speak for themselves as they witness to and manifest what will strike fair-minded “other” Christians as signs of the Spirit.
 
Martin E. Marty
Martin E. Marty is the Fairfax M. Cone Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus at the University of Chicago and an ordained Lutheran minister.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
003
This book was not my idea, and sometimes it takes someone else to see the possibility of a book in you that you never knew you had. Sheryl Fullerton has that gift, and I will be forever grateful. Sheryl is an amazing executive editor at Jossey-Bass who said no to me when I pitched a book about Pentecostals, peacemaking, and social justice and in the same breath asked, “But why is Pentecostalism such a fast-growing faith?” I offered her a few thoughts, and she said, “Write a book about that.” Thank you, Sheryl.
I never could have written this book if I didn’t have the heritage of being raised in the vibrant (and sometimes odd) Pentecostal faith. So I gladly acknowledge all the folks in the Sedan Assembly of God in Sedan, Kansas, where I spent thousands of church services growing up, and Wheat State Camp where I went every summer. The churches, college, and seminary I attended shaped me into a born and bred Pentecostal. Even though I rejected Pentecostalism and distanced myself from it during my twenties, I am thankful for the inspiring and empowering aspects of this global movement that the process of writing this book helped me discover anew.
I am also deeply indebted to people at Azusa Pacific University for the flexibility and schedule they provided for me so that I could write, and I especially appreciate the conversations with my colleagues that strengthened this book. Special thanks to Arlene Sanchez-Walsh and Don Thorsen for particularly helpful insights. Many friends also dialogued with me and shared wonderful stories and ideas from their own experiences: Jonathan and Brenda Jeter, Don and Carissa Niemyer, Jarred and Kathy Stover, Chris and Erica Ramirez, Brian and Shannon Pipkin, Nick and Kimbra Stuva, Carol Vasquez, and other friends who requested that I not divulge their names.
My family helped me before I ever started writing and then offered advice, memories, critiques, and inspiration all the way through the process. I so thoroughly appreciate the love and prayers of Grandma and Grandpa Alexander, Grandma and Grandpa Smith, Grandma and Grandpa Bird, Grandma Velma, Mom, Dad, Mark, Joy, Breleigh, Judah, Levi, Rodney, Betty, Ronda, Rick, Teri, Jason, Jorilyn, and Raegan. I’m glad we’re family.
The highlight of my writing days at home was having my children occasionally peek around the door of my office-bedroom with a grin and announce, “Only two more hours and you have to quit working.” And without fail they would show up at 5:00 P.M. on the dot to pull me into the backyard to play tag or into the living room in hopes of some video game time. We tried not to miss any bike rides, library Saturdays, or games of baseball or Dinotopia to get this book done, but sometimes a trip home from Sea World included me pulling out the laptop in the car and finishing up a chapter while Deborah drove and Nathan and Kharese read. So I want to say a humongous thank-you to my children for bringing me sandwiches, drawing pictures for me to sticky-tack around my desk, and never ever letting me forget that they are much more important than this book.
Finally, I happily acknowledge the patience, encouragement, and stimulating insights of my wife and muse, Deborah. Whenever I would read a passage to her, she’d spout off some witty remark that often sparked a new idea, and she graciously helped create space for me to reflect. This book would not be possible without her. Thanks.

CHAPTER 1
JUST ASK: A WORLD OF MIRACLES AWAITS
Expect a new miracle every day.
—Oral Roberts
 
 
When I was a kid, growing up on a farm in Kansas, my younger brother, Mark, and I loved to swim in our pond out in the pasture. We would jump and dive off the dock into the deep, cold water, swim back, and climb up the old aluminum ladder that we had stuck in the mud and leaned against the rickety pier. We had truck and tractor inner tubes we floated on and a canoe we would paddle around in.
When I turned twelve, I think it was, I got a new waterproof digital watch for my birthday. One hot summer afternoon not long after that, Mark pushed an inner tube out away from the dock for me to dive through. As I dived through the tube, the valve stem caught my watch and ripped it off my wrist. My heart sank; I swam back to the dock and told Mark what had happened. I then started diving to the bottom of the pond, which was more than eight feet deep at the end of the dock, running my hands through the mud, trying to find that watch.
After diving several times with no luck, I was exhausted, frustrated, and ready to give up and go back to the house. Mark, being a good little Pentecostal boy, suggested that we pray. I didn’t feel like it, but being a good Pentecostal big brother, I agreed. Mark prayed a very simple prayer: “Dear God, please help us find Paul’s watch. In the name of Jesus, amen.” He raised up his little head and looked me right in the face, grinning, with his eyes sparkling as if it were Christmas morning. He suggested that he swim back out with the inner tube and put it in the exact same spot for me to dive through again. Doubting that this would work or that we’d ever find the watch, I nevertheless directed him from the dock—a bit farther out, a bit to the right—until he had placed the inner tube perfectly. I backed up, ran down the dock, dived through the inner tube, and then swam to the bottom of the pond with my eyes squeezed shut and my hands spread wide open until they hit the cold squishy mud. My right palm landed directly on my watch; I didn’t even have to move my hand around to find it. I grasped it tightly and swam back to the surface, hardly believing what had just happened. Mark and I ran back to the house and talked all over each other telling our mom.
That story has become a little legend in our family. But legend though it may be, it’s not an odd or unbelievable event in the lives of Pentecostals. Like Mark, most Pentecostals expect things like this to happen and love to tell stories about the miracles and healings. Just this past Christmas, I told the tale of my lost-and-found watch to my in-laws in Texas while we were all sitting around the dinner table eating stew and cornbread. Ronda, my sister-in-law, immediately said, “Remember the bone spur on my knee that disappeared?” and Betty, my mother-in-law, interjected, “And don’t forget the burns on Deborah’s leg that were healed.” Grandma then told about the time that Grandpa laid his hands on their van and prayed for it one morning—which was the morning they were almost killed by an out-of-control eighteen-wheeler “with smoke boiling everywhere” that “screeched within two feet of the back of our van.” When asked why he had prayed that morning, Grandpa replied, “I just felt impressed to do it. Never done it before and never done it since.” Betty then told us about when her uncle had a spider bite so bad that he swelled up and was going to die. There was no doctor, so his father prayed for the boy, who was healed immediately.
Everybody chimed in with one story after another until Grandpa interrupted, “I’m going to tell one even more impressive than that,” and went on to recount an amazing tale about when Sister Foster had called him to come quickly because Gladys, with the death rattle in her throat, had been sent home to die by the doctors. Her husband, whom Grandpa called “a big ol’ Methodist,” was standing by the door “to see what we were going to do to his wife.” Grandma and Grandpa prayed for her, and a couple of days later, she was perfectly fine and lived for many years after that.
Grandpa then told about how, when he was stricken with appendicitis as a twelve-year-old boy, he looked at a clock on the wall and thought, “The man who made that clock could fix it if it broke. And God could fix me, too.” The pain left him that very instant, and he just swung his feet off the bed and got up and strolled out onto the porch. His father walked up from fetching the doctor, leaned against a post, and, said Grandpa, “his eyes got yay big, and he said, ‘Son, what’s happened to you?’ I told him about the clock and how the pain left me. He expected me to get sicker and sicker; he just knew I was going to die. But I was playing with the other boys from then on, and I’ve never had another pain on that side.”
Over the next hour, almost everyone at the table told at least one story. We heard tales of healings and miracles that included asthma cured, a cancer that fell off a man’s hand, infected tonsils being spit out on the ground by a boy after he was prayed for, and the woman whose infected bladder healed (“She still writes to us fifty-five years later,” Grandma said with a nod of her head). There was the woman in Anniston, Alabama, who had emphysema; Brother Cobb in Bonham, Texas, who also had emphysema (and who slept in a bed for the first time in fifteen years after being prayed for and healed); the woman with unceasing pain that had lasted for years (who heard a radio preacher say, “Go to the nearest Assembly of God church and get the pastor to pray for you”); the two-year-old girl who didn’t pray quite right (“Thank you Jesus for mommy’s headache”) but her mother’s headache was healed anyway; and even a healing from “we don’t know what it was.”
During a pause in our merry recounting of miracle upon miracle, I mentioned that in my book I would also need to address the fact that sometimes people aren’t healed, that sometimes miracles don’t happen when we pray. At my words, silence fell; I could hear the clock ticking in the living room. I took a bite of my stew, put some butter on another piece of cornbread, and drank some sweet tea. Then Grandpa broke the silence by telling about the man who had “walking pneumonia” and couldn’t eat onions, but after Grandpa prayed for him, he ate steak sautéed with onions and was fine from then on. Betty told about how Rodney, her husband, who was a technician at an Exxon gas plant, was healed of plantar warts and his feet ended up as smooth as a baby’s bottom. There followed more stories—about how prayer healed the boy who sucked down a peanut whole, shell and all, and doctors thought he’d die; the boy who was sweating with a terrible fever in bed (probably from polio) and was perfectly well the next day; and the junior high girls who made it safely home from basketball practice in the middle of a tornado-filled hailstorm: “Suddenly there was a clearing around them. They drove home safely with the storm all around, but their car area was clear. They got inside safely. It built the girls’ faith incredibly.” Those girls personally experienced a miracle like all the ones we’d been recounting, and in the future, when the need arose, they’d be able to have even more confidence when they prayed.
When I told the story about finding my watch, I did not expect that it would generate a slew of miracle stories. But I should have, because the four generations of people sitting around that table really believe these things happen—and happen regularly if we pray with enough faith that God can do them. Not only have they heard hundreds of stories like these, but they’ve seen some of them first hand. And the silent response to my question about the lack of healings is as revealing as the healing stories themselves: Pentecostals tend not to tell about the times their prayers go unanswered and miracles don’t happen. They often do just what Grandpa did—fill the silence with more inspiring miracle stories.
My little experience that winter afternoon is not unique; more than half a billion other Pentecostals in the world expect the same kind of amazing miracles when they ask God to help them. They live in a world where God is close enough to talk to, friendly enough to care about warts, and powerful enough to keep an eighteen-wheeler from crushing your van.
It is not my intention here to defend or prove that these stories and events are true. The people who experience these miracles believe that they happen. I know there are many questions about a God who does things like this, and I know that many other explanations can be given as to why these things happened (if they happened at all). For instance, if God can heal, why would God not just heal everybody, or at least a lot more people? It makes no sense to heal a few children miraculously but let thousands of others die. Or perhaps the healings are not by God but are the results of wish fulfillment or the placebo effect. Some theorists have even suggested that humans have the ability to release energy that can heal themselves and even others sometimes, but it’s not God’s doing; it’s just a phenomenon that’s not yet understood. But in the Pentecostal world, healings and miracles are normal, everyday events, and they’re attributed to God. Pentecostals look at it this way: if it happens sometimes, why question it? Keep praying and believing, and your miracle may come.

Jesus and His Followers Healed People—It’s in the Bible!

So where do Pentecostals get the idea that God responds in miraculous ways when people pray? The answer is simple: it’s in the Bible. It tells of more than forty miracles and healings that Jesus did, and one biblical author even had the audacity to add that “the whole world could not contain the books if all his works were written down in detail.”1 Jesus restored a blind man’s sight, raised a dead little girl back to life, calmed a storm while in a boat on a lake, straightened crippled limbs, cured skin diseases, and turned water into wine. People like Pentecostals, who read the Bible in a straightforward way and take it as gospel, are impressed by these miracles and healings. But what of those who object that just because Jesus worked miracles, does that mean that people today should think they could do the same? Pentecostalism has a response for them.
Pentecostals believe that Jesus was telling the truth when he said, “I assure you that if anyone believes in me, they will be able to do the same things that I do; and they will do even greater things than these, because I am going back to the Father.”2 They believe that after Jesus came back to life following his execution, he empowered all of his followers to pray, heal, and trust God for miracles, just as Jesus himself had done. In fact, the amazing stories start immediately after Pentecost—that’s the day Jesus filled his friends with the Holy Spirit so they could live like him and tell people about him and help them live as Jesus did. Peter healed a crippled man on the steps of the temple within a month of Jesus’ being gone, others “performed many miraculous signs and wonders among the people,” and Paul raised a dead boy back to life. James wrote that “if you are sick, ask the mature believers to come and pray for you. Ask them to put olive oil on you in the name of the Lord. Prayers offered in faith will make sick people well. The Lord will heal them, and if they have sinned, he will forgive them.”3 These are not just a few random stories and instructions thrown together to make a case; Pentecostals believe that the miraculous was a regular and expected part of what God was doing through his people in the early years of Christianity and that God still wants Christians to live this same way.
Pentecostals have been severely criticized since the beginning of the movement for believing in modern-day healings and miracles. Some Christians argue that miracles were just for the first century, the first few generations of Christianity, the Bible days. They say that such things died out hundreds of years ago and that God doesn’t work that way anymore. But Pentecostals believe they have both the Bible and experience on their side; how else could they keep doing what others say can’t be done? They really believe that everything that happened in the Bible can happen now, that all Christians everywhere in the world are supposed to be a continuation of the Bible days and can look to God for miracles. If asked, a Pentecostal would say that right now anyone, including you, can ask God to heal you . . . and it might just happen.

Praying with Faith: How It Works

Pentecostals have many ways of reasoning about how praying with faith works. I’ve heard that “faith is stepping out on nothing and landing on something.” Like the little boy in The Polar Express who had to believe before he could see Santa Claus, Pentecostals trust that they’re going to be OK even when all the evidence appears to weigh against them. You have to believe that it is possible. The Gospel according to Mark reports that Jesus said, “And these signs will accompany those who believe, in my name they will . . . place their hands on sick people and they will get well.”4 Only by truly believing can miraculous things happen; it’s kind of like working with God, receiving what God really wants for us. Believing is agreeing with God. The Assemblies of God (with over forty million members worldwide) says it this way: “We take these Scriptures at face value and openly practice them in our church. We don’t claim to be successful 100 percent of the time, but we persist in asking God to show his love and concern in tangible ways when the human body is suffering. And he does.”5 Pentecostals also place great significance on Jesus’ saying that “in my name” miracles will happen. They pray “in the name of Jesus” and believe it is the most powerful name in the world, claiming that prayers prayed specifically in the name of Jesus are much more effective than any other prayers.
Some Pentecostal theologians and pastors have critiqued the stereotypical “name it and claim it” and “blab it and grab it” approach to healings and miracles. These are pejorative references to the teaching that Christians can simply name and claim the objects of their desire—physical healing, a new car, a watch at the bottom of the pond—and if they have enough faith, they will receive them. Detractors say that these kinds of Pentecostals just seem to be blabbing with their mouth and grabbing with their hands. They argue that the miraculous most often happens on the boundary between believers and unbelievers, because healings are supposed to be signs that God is real and the gospel is true. Miracles are evidence for the outsider, not therapy or a lottery for the insider. But even in the right context, the people praying are supposed to believe that God can heal; some even say you’re supposed to believe that God will do the healing right then and there. Pentecostals tend to emphasize the human side of the equation, since God’s ability is rarely questioned.
The witness of Pentecostals all around the world to miraculous events is understood to enhance people’s ability to believe. When Fidel Castro reportedly sent a spy to investigate an underground Pentecostal church in Cuba, the pastor was preaching on healing, and many people were being healed. In the story, the spy arrived with a rotten and infected tooth and left with a new tooth and no pain. The church was never bothered again. Daniel Ekechukwu, a pastor in Nigeria who was supposedly killed in a car wreck and taken to the mortuary, where he lay for two days, was allegedly raised from the dead in 2001. The video chronicling the miracle includes interviews with the doctor and the mortician.6 One of the reasons Pentecostals tell stories of miraculous events is that they know that healing works better and people have more faith when they see or hear about other things that God has done.
Faith also works better when it is exercised often and by as many people as possible. Pentecostals pray for healings and miracles for themselves and for others all the time. Prayer is certainly not limited to Sunday morning church services or to prayers by the pastor. There are prayer chains, prayer Web sites and e-mail lists, altar calls, spontaneous prayers, prayers on the phone, prayer requests, and “anointing with oil.”
Prayer chains are networks of people who agree to call others when they receive a request or hear of an emergency. Before the days of e-mail and text messaging, the first person would telephone five people, and each of them would call five, who would call five, so that as many as fifty-six people could be praying about a problem within thirty minutes. When my mom got a call, we started praying while she made the rest of the calls. She kept the conversations short so she could move on down her list quickly, because the more people “bombarding heaven’s gates,” the greater the chances that the answer would come.
Spontaneous prayers may happen during the middle of a conversation anywhere—on a sidewalk or in a restaurant or any other place—if the person you’re talking to suggests praying for something you’re talking about. As for anointing oil, the use and type varies widely, but many Pentecostals take any ordinary cooking oil and gently dab it first on their fingers and then on the forehead of the person they’re praying for. I’ve even heard about a man who used motor oil in an emergency because he didn’t have his regular anointing oil. Praying with faith in the name of Jesus, believing thoroughly and without doubt that God can heal, and anointing with oil—these all work together to help produce the needed miracle.

But Does It Make Sense?

Our son was born a week late and weighed almost nine pounds. We were thrilled and excited, and so was our entire family. My parents (Pentecostals from Kansas), my wife Deborah’s parents (Pentecostals from Texas), grandparents, siblings, nieces, and cousins (all Pentecostals) crowded into the hospital room for the announcement of his name: Nathan Bird Alexander, after my middle name and Deborah’s maiden name. Everyone was smiling and laughing, some even crying with joy, and celebrating. We had been married almost seven years, we had already been through one miscarriage, and everybody was eager for us to have a baby!
But a couple of hours later, Nathan began breathing much too rapidly; he was admitted immediately to the special care unit. He had some kind of serious virus or infection; we could not snuggle or sleep with him at all that first night, since he was under an oxygen dome. Deborah’s blood pressure went way up because she was not holding her baby or able to nurse, and by the second day, we were aware that he might not recover. Of course, our family was praying for Nathan, but I was not. I couldn’t.