Series Editors: Vinay Gidwani, University of Minnesota, USA and Sharad Chari, CISA at the University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
Like its parent journal, the Antipode Book Series reflects distinctive new developments in radical geography. It publishes books in a variety of formats – from reference books to works of broad explication to titles that develop and extend the scholarly research base – but the commitment is always the same: to contribute to the praxis of a new and more just society.
Global Displacements: The Making of Uneven Development in the Caribbean
Marion Werner
Banking Across Boundaries: Placing Finance in Capitalism
Brett Christophers
The Down-deep Delight of Democracy
Mark Purcell
Gramsci: Space, Nature, Politics
Edited by Michael Ekers, Gillian Hart, Stefan Kipfer and Alex Loftus
Places of Possibility: Property, Nature and Community Land Ownership
A. Fiona D. Mackenzie
The New Carbon Economy: Constitution, Governance and Contestation
Edited by Peter Newell, Max Boykoff and Emily Boyd
Capitalism and Conservation
Edited by Dan Brockington and Rosaleen Duffy
Spaces of Environmental Justice
Edited by Ryan Holifield, Michael Porter and Gordon Walker
The Point is to Change it: Geographies of Hope and Survival in an Age of Crisis
Edited by Noel Castree, Paul Chatterton, Nik Heynen, Wendy Larner and Melissa W. Wright
Privatization: Property and the Remaking of Nature-Society
Edited by Becky Mansfield
Practising Public Scholarship: Experiences and Possibilities Beyond the Academy
Edited by Katharyne Mitchell
Grounding Globalization: Labour in the Age of Insecurity
Edward Webster, Rob Lambert and Andries Bezuidenhout
Privatization: Property and the Remaking of Nature-Society Relations
Edited by Becky Mansfield
Decolonizing Development: Colonial Power and the Maya
Joel Wainwright
Cities of Whiteness
Wendy S. Shaw
Neoliberalization: States, Networks, Peoples
Edited by Kim England and Kevin Ward
The Dirty Work of Neoliberalism: Cleaners in the Global Economy
Edited by Luis L. M. Aguiar and Andrew Herod
David Harvey: A Critical Reader
Edited by Noel Castree and Derek Gregory
Working the Spaces of Neoliberalism: Activism, Professionalisation and Incorporation
Edited by Nina Laurie and Liz Bondi
Threads of Labour: Garment Industry Supply Chains from the Workers' Perspective
Edited by Angela Hale and Jane Wills
Life’s Work: Geographies of Social Reproduction
Edited by Katharyne Mitchell, Sallie A. Marston and Cindi Katz
Redundant Masculinities? Employment Change and White Working Class Youth
Linda McDowell
Spaces of Neoliberalism
Edited by Neil Brenner and Nik Theodore
Space, Place and the New Labour Internationalism
Edited by Peter Waterman and Jane Wills
Money and Finance After the Crisis: Critical Thinking for Uncertain Times
Edited by Brett Christophers, Andrew Leyshon and Geoff Mann
Fat Bodies, Fat Spaces: Critical Geographies of Obesity
Rachel Colls and Bethan Evans
Enterprising Nature: Economics, Markets and Finance in Global Biodiversity Politics
Jessica Dempsey
The Metacolonial State: Pakistan, Critical Ontology, and the Biopolitical Horizons of Political Islam
Najeeb A. Jan
Taken For A Ride: Neoliberalism, Informal Labour And Public Transport In An African Metropolis
Matteo Rizzo
The Impunity Machine: Genocide and Justice in Guatemala
Amy Ross and Liz Oglesby
Frontier Road: Power, History, and the Everyday State in the Colombian Amazon
Simón Uribe
This edition first published 2016
© 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data applied for
Werner, Marion.
Global displacements : the making of uneven development in the Caribbean / Marion Werner.
pages cm. – (Antipode book series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-118-94199-7 (hbk.) – ISBN 978-1-118-94198-0 (pbk.) 1. Clothing trade–Caribbean Area. 2. Caribbean Area–Economic conditions–Regional disparities. 3. Globalization–Caribbean Area. I. Title.
HD9940.C272 W47 2015
338.9729–dc23
2015022476
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Cover image: Food vendors outside a garment factory, Santiago trade zone, Dominican Republic
© Marion Werner, with Andy Lu
The Antipode Book Series explores radical geography “antipodally,” in opposition, from various margins, limits, or borderlands.
Antipode books provide insight “from elsewhere,” across boundaries rarely transgressed, with internationalist ambition and located insight; they diagnose grounded critique emerging from particular contradictory social relations in order to sharpen the stakes and broaden public awareness. An Antipode book might revise scholarly debates by pushing at disciplinary boundaries, or by showing what happens to a problem as it moves or changes. It might investigate entanglements of power and struggle in particular sites, but with lessons that travel with surprising echoes elsewhere.
Antipode books will be theoretically bold and empirically rich, written in lively, accessible prose that does not sacrifice clarity at the altar of sophistication. We seek books from within and beyond the discipline of geography that deploy geographical critique in order to understand and transform our fractured world.
Vinay Gidwani
University of Minnesota, USA
Sharad Chari
CISA at the University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
Antipode Book Series Editors
| 1.1 | Map of the Dominican Republic and Haiti, northern region |
| 3.1 | Number of FTZ garment workers and factories, 2002–2012 |
| 3.2 | The Dominican Republic as a dual economy |
| 5.1 | Haitians exiting the CODEVI trade zone |
| 2.1 | United States apparel imports by macro-region, 1987 and 1998 |
| 2.2 | Dominican trade zone employment, 1992–2004 |
| 3.1 | Regional employment by sex and type of firm, FTZ garment sector |
I owe a great debt to those who started me on this path and accompanied my journey long before I ever thought of writing a book: Altha Cravey, Tyrell Haberkorn, Leon Fink, Maria Mejía Perez, Monica Felipe Alvarez, Lynda Yanz, and Jennifer Hill, as well as the writings of Chandra Mohanty and Cynthia Enloe.
The research for this book began in 2004. I am grateful to the University of Minnesota’s Department of Geography, the Graduate School, and the Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Global Change (formerly the Macarthur Program) for generously funding my fieldwork and graduate studies. The University of Minnesota offered a vibrant intellectual community. I am deeply appreciative of my teachers and mentors who generously gave of their time and offered many insights as this project developed: Vinay Gidwani, Kale Fajardo, Abdi Samatar, Michael Goldman, and the community of graduate students in the Department of Geography and the Macarthur Program. I am especially grateful to Eric Sheppard and Richa Nagar who guided this project at its early stages and who have become role models and friends over the past decade as I entered the academy as a faculty member. Richa’s indefatigable commitment to knowledge production that is accountable to working women and men in the global South has been a constant source of inspiration to me. I owe much to Eric’s work on uneven development as well as to his singular style of accompanying an intellectual process: at once rigorous, respectful, and unbelievably patient.
Numerous individuals and institutions made my work in the Dominican Republic possible. Robin Derby connected me to local academics and persistently supported me to pursue a research agenda in the country. José-Leopoldo Artiles provided invaluable intellectual encouragement, insights, and contacts. I am also grateful to Pavel Isa, Miguel Ceada-Hatton, Lourdes Pantaleón, Leopoldo Valverde, Haroldo Dilla, and Bridgette Wooding. Andrew Schrank generously offered initial background information and contacts with the trade zone sector. I am grateful to the executive director and staff of the Association of Trade Zone Industries of Santiago who facilitated my research and my ability to gain access to firms. This book owes a great debt to the rank and file members and former workers of IA Manufacturing who shared their stories with me, and to the local organizers of FEDOTRAZONAS for helping me to connect with them. Since 2009, I have had the fortune of knowing Marcos Morales of the School of Geography at the Autonomous University of Santo Domingo. I am grateful to Marcos and the School for their continued hospitality and for enriching dialogue.
Again, Robin Derby offered invaluable advice and encouragement to pursue my questions to the border with Haiti and beyond. My study of the border trade zone and local politics in Ouanaminthe would not have been possible without the insights and support of Yannick Etienne, Delien Blaise, and Lorraine Clewer. I traveled to Haiti again in 2012 to conduct interviews on post-earthquake reconstruction. My research was made possible by the assistance of two extremely talented students while in Port-au-Prince, Nicolas Pradhally and Carson Lagrandeur. I am also grateful to Jane Regan and Haiti Grassroots Watch.
I wrote parts of this book during a post-doctoral fellowship funded by the Canadian Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council. During my time in Toronto, I benefited from the wisdom and support of Leah Vosko, Rachel Silvey, and Katharine Rankin. During this period, I also met Gavin Smith and Winnie Lem, who have provided an academic home away from home on numerous subsequent visits to Toronto, for which I am extremely grateful.
This project took shape as a book over the past four years while I was at SUNY-Buffalo (UB). I am grateful to supportive colleagues in the Department of Geography, especially Trina Hamilton, and to friends and colleagues around campus. I am indebted to UB’s Humanities Institute for a fellowship that permitted me to complete the manuscript. I also want to thank UB’s Gender Institute for hosting a research workshop on a portion of the manuscript. Marissa Bell offered incredible assistance in preparing references and Andrew Lu did wonderful work adapting the cover image for publication.
Several colleagues and friends encouraged me to pursue this project and generously offered comments, critiques, and advice at various stages including Arturo Victoriano, Bradley Wilson, Joel Wainwright, Melissa Wright, and Beverley Mullings. Yasmine Shamsie and Alex Dupuy both contributed helpful comments on Chapter 6. Josh Barkan read this project at its various stages. I am indebted to his keen analysis of the problematic of the book – in the sense of this book’s theoretical terrain and the university as a site of knowledge production – without which I am not sure this book would exist. The generous and insightful comments of two anonymous reviewers, I believe, have significantly improved the manuscript. Many of the concerns at the heart of this book were nursed and formed into intellectual arguments through my long-standing dialogue with Jennifer Bair. I am deeply indebted to Jenn for her unflinching critique and intellectual generosity over the past six years. All errors of interpretation are of course my own.
From manuscript to commodity: I want to acknowledge the support of Vinay Gidwani and Sharad Chari, as well as Jacqueline Scott at Wiley Blackwell, who guided me patiently through the process. The commodity chain extends further to the (transnational) labor of copy editors, typesetters, press operators, bindery feeders, and transportation workers, whose hidden work I gratefully acknowledge. I also thank Hannah Lilien for her incredible care of my infant son during the last stages of this project.
Finally, I extend my deepest gratitude to close friends and family: Cynthia Tan, Hilary Masemann, Alison Chan, May Friedman, Ron Vida, Heather Walters, Jack Gieseking, Sara Koopman, Diana Ojeda, Libby Lunstrum, Anna Falicov, and Anyelina Fernandez, my brothers, Martin and David, and their wonderful families, and especially my parents, Beatrice and Daniel, who have been a source of constant love and support. Thank you. Jaume Franquesa not only supported this project intellectually and emotionally, but also afforded me innumerable mornings and evenings of extra time to finish the manuscript. His encouragement, love, patience, and care have made all the difference. And finally, I am grateful for life’s treasures, Yannick and Biel.
Buffalo, New York
April 11, 2015