Russian For Dummies,^® 2nd Edition

Russian For Dummies,^® 2nd Edition

by Andrew Kaufman, PhD, and Serafima Gettys, PhD

Russian For Dummies,^® 2nd Edition

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About the Authors

Andrew Kaufman, PhD, is a Russian literature and culture scholar who has spent the last 15 years bringing alive the Russian classics to Americans young and old. An innovative, award-winning teacher of Russian language, literature, and culture, Dr. Kaufman holds a PhD in Slavic Languages and Literatures from Stanford University and currently lectures at the University of Virginia.

Author of Understanding Tolstoy, Dr. Kaufman has discussed Russian literature and culture on national and international TV and radio programs. Known as a passionate, down-to-earth, and inspirational speaker and workshop facilitator, he was a featured Tolstoy expert for Oprah’s Book Club in 2004 and cowrote the Reader’s Guide to Tolstoy’s The Death of Ivan Ilyich for the National Endowment for the Arts’ “Big Read” program. He is currently at work on Give War and Peace a Chance, to be published by Free Press.

Fluent in Russian, Dr. Kaufman has lectured at the Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences and at the Leo Tolstoy Museum and Estate at Yasnaya Polyana. Having lived and studied extensively in Russia, he has also worked as an interpreter, translator, and management consultant.

Dr. Kaufman also trained and worked as a professional actor for close to a decade. He helps people appreciate the rich tradition of Russian literature and draws on his acting skills to create captivating and enlightening talks, as well as inspirational readings from the Russian classics. He is currently a Lecturer and an ACE Faculty Fellow at the University of Virginia, where he created and teaches a community-based literature course, “Books Behind Bars: Life, Literature, and Community Leadership,” in which students lead discussions about Russian literature with incarcerated youth at juvenile correctional and treatment centers in Virginia.

Serafima Gettys, PhD, earned her doctorate degree in Foreign Language Education from A.I. Hertzen State Pedagogical University, Leningrad, USSR. Before coming to the U.S. in 1990, Dr. Gettys taught English, American Studies, and Methodology of Teaching Foreign Language at A.I. Hertzen University of Education. In the U.S., she taught Russian at Stanford University and the University of California at Berkeley. She is currently a Director of the Foreign Language Program at Lewis University, where she also teaches Russian. Dr. Gettys is also a member of a number of professional language associations. She is the author of more than 30 publications in the area of foreign language education.

The second edition of Russian For Dummies was prepared by Dr. Gettys.

Authors’ Acknowledgments

Andrew Kaufman: I would like to thank my colleague, former Stanford professor, and coauthor, Serafima Gettys, one of the most original and inspired Russian language teachers I know. Her grace, infectious love of Russian, and professionalism were instrumental in making this book happen — and a joy to write.

A hearty thanks to Georgette Beatty at Wiley for her expert guidance and her encouragement throughout the writing process, and to Tracy Boggier at Wiley for her supervision and coordination, and for making this book possible. I’d also like to thank Christy Pingleton, the copy editor, and Carol Apollonio and Natalia Rekhter, the technical reviewers, for helping to make sure that every sentence in the book is both accurate and readable.

A heartfelt thanks to my agent, Margot Maley-Hutchison of Waterside Productions, for her expert representation and skillful problem resolution throughout.

Thanks to all my colleagues and students at the University of Virginia for helping to create a supportive and stimulating environment in which to share our common passion for Russian literature and culture.

I am grateful to my former professors at Stanford University and Amherst College for their mentorship and for helping me to discover the fascinating world of Russian language, literature, and culture.

Finally, and most importantly, I thank my wife, Corinne, whose love, generosity, and encouragement are the greatest gifts a writer could ever hope for.

Serafima Gettys: Many thanks to Andy Kaufman for bringing this project to my attention and for taking on the responsibility of organizing and managing the project.

Many thanks go to Stanford University for bringing Andy and me together at an earlier point in our lives, first as teacher and student, later as colleagues, and now finally as coauthors. Warm thanks also to my past and current students of Russian at various schools, both in Russia and the United States, who constantly challenge and inspire me and without whom this book would not have been written.

A loving thanks also to my family, husband Steve and daughter Anna. Their love has been an inspiration throughout.

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Introduction

Speaking more than one language is like living more than one life, one of the ancient philosophers said. And it’s true — traveling in a foreign country such as Russia suddenly becomes a lot more exciting when you can engage in elegant small talk with a hotel receptionist, compliment your tour guide’s dress, or actually read the menu and order the food that you really want. Being able to ask for things instead of pointing at them and getting directions from the locals instead of staring at a map are some of the little things that make you feel at home.

You don’t even need to cross the ocean to immerse yourself in Russian culture; you can find little Russian neighborhoods (or even pretty big ones!) in many American cities. Whether your colleagues, your neighbors, or your friends speak Russian, the best way to win their hearts is to speak their language to them.

Now, Russian For Dummies, 2nd Edition, won’t make you a fluent reader of the original works of Dostoevsky (most Russians themselves need some preparation for that). It will, however, equip you with phrases necessary to function in many life situations, from shopping to visiting the theater. And little gems of cultural wisdom offered throughout the book help you not only translate the language, but also understand Russians so much better. So, buckle up, and good luck on your journey! Or, as the Russians like to say, Желаем вам удачи! (zhi-lah-eem vahm ooh-dah-chee!) (We wish you good luck!)

About This Book

The best thing about Russian For Dummies, 2nd Edition, is that you don’t have to read all the way through it to get the information you need. You can open the table of contents, find the section that interests you at the moment, and start talking! You don’t have to read the previous chapters to understand any sections of this book. And if you decide that you want more information about something, a convenient system of cross-references takes you to just the right place.

Another thing you don’t need to do is memorize long vocabulary lists or grammar rules. We give you ready-made phrases; you just need to read them to start using them right away to impress your Russian friends!

Conventions Used in This Book

Here are some conventions that allow you to navigate through this book with maximum ease:

We present Russian in Russian, or what is also known as the Cyrillic alphabet. You can see the Cyrillic alphabet in Chapter 2. Russian terms are easily found in the text because they’re set in boldface.

Each Russian word or sentence is followed by its pronunciation shown in English letters, and its English translation, respectively, in parentheses. In each pronunciation, the stressed syllable is in italics; translations are also in italics.

Here’s a little example to give you an idea of what we mean: The phrase for “I love you” in Russian is Я тебя люблю (ya tee-bya lyooh-blyooh) (I love you).

Verb conjugations (lists that show you the forms of a verb) are given in tables in this order:

The I form

The you (informal singular) form

The he/she/it form

The we form

The you (formal singular or plural) form

The they form

Pronunciations follow in the second column.

The meaning of a phrase doesn’t always equal the sum of the individual words the phrase consists of. In this case, we talk about a literal meaning (the meaning of the individual words) and an idiomatic meaning (the actual meaning of the phrase in conversation). If the literal translation of a phrase differs from its idiomatic meaning, we give you both the idiomatic and the literal meanings in parentheses. For instance: Как дела? (kahk dee-lah?) (How are you? Literally: How is business?)

In each chapter, look for the following elements:

Talkin’ the Talk: These real-life dialogues illustrate how native speakers use words and phrases in a particular section of the book. These informal dialogues are the actual conversations you may hear in similar situations. You can also play an audio version of these dialogues to help you grasp them even faster!

Words to Know: This element follows every Talkin’ the Talk and provides pronunciation and transcription of key words and expressions you encounter in the dialogue.

Fun & Games: Find this section at the end of each chapter. These fun activities allow you to use the new words and phrases you encounter in each chapter to answer questions and solve puzzles.

What You’re Not to Read

We like to think that you’ll read every word in this book, but we also know that you’re eager to start speaking Russian. So feel free to skip the sidebars (the gray-shaded boxes sprinkled throughout the book); they contain interesting information but aren’t essential to your study of Russian.

Foolish Assumptions

When we started writing this book, we tried to imagine what our future reader was going to be like. In the end, we came up with a list of foolish assumptions about who we think wants to read this book. Do you recognize yourself in these descriptions?

You know no Russian — or if you took Russian in high school, you don’t remember a word of it.

You’re not looking for a book that will make you fluent in Russian; you just want to know some words, phrases, and sentence constructions so that you can communicate basic information in Russian.

You don’t want to have to memorize long lists of vocabulary words or a bunch of boring grammar rules.

You want to have fun and learn a little bit of Russian at the same time.

How This Book Is Organized

Russian For Dummies, 2nd Edition, consists of five parts. Each part of the book offers something different.

Part I: Getting Started

In this part, you find the essentials of the Russian language. Chapter 1 gives you an overview of what you discover in this book. Chapter 2 introduces the Russian alphabet, Chapter 3 gives you a crash course on Russian grammar, and Chapter 4 gets you started with some basic Russian expressions. Chapter 5 is the right place to turn to if you want to talk about numbers, times, and measurements in Russian. And finally, Chapter 6 encourages you to start speaking Russian in the comfort of your home.

Part II: Russian in Action

Part II prepares you for most social situations that you need to handle in Russian. Chapter 7 shows you how to make small talk; Chapter 8 is all about asking for directions in a strange city. Chapters 9 and 10 prepare you to talk about food and shopping. Chapter 11 equips you with words and phrases you can use while going out on the town. Chapter 12 takes you on a tour of your office and equips you with the necessary phrases to make phone calls and use a computer. In Chapter 13, you find out how to talk about fun things, such as sports, reading, and other hobbies.

Part III: Russian on the Go

This part covers all the aspects of traveling, such as planning your trip (Chapter 14), settling your financial matters (Chapter 15), discussing transportation (Chapter 16), and arranging for a place to stay (Chapter 17). Chapter 18 prepares you for handling emergencies.

Part IV: The Part of Tens

The Part of Tens is an unusual part of this book; it gives you lists of fun things to know, such as ten ways to pick up Russian quickly and ten things never to say in Russian. This part is also the place to find ten favorite Russian expressions and to pick up ten phrases that make you sound authentically Russian.

Part V: Appendixes

Russian For Dummies, 2nd Edition, also includes four appendixes, which bring together some useful information. In Appendix A, you find two mini-dictionaries (both Russian-to-English and English-to-Russian) for quick reference. Appendix B contains verb tables that show you how to conjugate regular and irregular verbs. Appendix C contains descriptions of all the audio dialogues and tells you in which chapter you can find the text of each dialogue. And Appendix D offers the answer keys to the Fun & Games sections of each chapter.

Icons Used in This Book

For your convenience, we marked some information in this book with special icons. Check out this guide to the icons, and the next time you see one of them, you’ll know what to expect!

From famous Russian writers to a polite way to decline an invitation, this icon marks a wide variety of curious and useful facts about Russian culture.

If you’re curious about how the Russian language works or if you want to expand your command of Russian to the extent of making up your own phrases, these bits of grammatical information may be of interest to you.

This icon indicates those Talkin’ the Talk dialogues that are featured on audio tracks, allowing you not only to read but also to hear real, conversational Russian.

This icon points out some important information about Russian that’s worth remembering.

This icon signals a useful bit of information that can make life easier for you, whether it’s a handy way to remember a useful word or an insider’s advice on how to better handle a certain situation.

This icon attracts your attention to something you need to know to avoid a common mistake.

Where to Go from Here

Now that you’re familiar with the anatomy of Russian For Dummies, 2nd Edition, you can embark on your journey. You can start anywhere, and you don’t have to go in a specific order. Just choose a topic that seems appealing, find the corresponding chapter in the table of contents, and start speaking Russian!

If you’re at a loss about where to start, please take our advice and begin with Chapter 2: It provides you with a very powerful tool — the ability to read Russian. Chapter 3 is a good place to get a grasp on the essentials of Russian grammar. After that, you can go straight to the sections that deal with information you need urgently. Wherever you decide to start, you can find plenty of useful phrases to get you speaking Russian and exploring the benefits that your language skill brings. And now we wish you Счастливого пути! (sh’ees-lee-vah-vah pooh-tee!) (Bon voyage!)

Part I

Getting Started

In this part . . .

Part I is the beginning of your exciting journey with Russian. Here you get the essential information you need to take you through the rest of this book. First, we put you at ease with the Russian alphabet and give you the basics of Russian grammar. We also provide some handy expressions you can start using right away and help you get your numbers, times, and measurements straight. Finally, we encourage you to start speaking Russian at home.

Chapter 1

Russian in a Nutshell

In This Chapter

Approaching the Russian alphabet

Looking at grammar in a new light

Getting started with some useful words and expressions

Putting Russian to use in common social situations

Taking Russian on the road

Russian has a reputation for being a difficult language. Is it? We would say different is a better word to describe the experience of studying Russian. Russian actually is a distant cousin of English: They both belong to a huge Indo-European family of languages — unlike, say, Arabic, Chinese, or Japanese, which belong to completely different language family clans.

This chapter provides you with a taste of Russian; get ready to study this fascinating language!

Discovering How Easy the Russian Alphabet Really Is

If you were to ask people on the street what they think the most difficult thing about learning Russian is, most of them (slightly taken aback by your question) would likely say “The alphabet!”

But we’re here to tell you that nothing could be farther from the truth: The Russian alphabet is perhaps the easiest part of learning Russian. In fact, you may be surprised to hear that most people are able to start reading Russian in several hours! That’s how easy the Russian alphabet is!

Don’t believe us? Consider this: The Russian alphabet, often called the Cyrillic alphabet, was named after a 9th century Byzantine monk named Cyril, who developed it with the help of his brother, Methodius. (Please don’t ask us why Methodius’s name wasn’t added to the name of the alphabet: Life isn’t fair.) Cyril and Methodius wanted to translate the Bible into one of the Slavic languages spoken by the Eastern European pagan tribes, because the brothers were planning to convert those tribes to Christianity. These languages had never been written down before. When the brothers were creating their alphabet, they borrowed quite a few letters from the Latin alphabet to indicate the sounds produced by the tribes. Luckily for those tribes (and for anyone studying Russian), a lot of the borrowed letters sound the same in Russian as they do in any Latin-based alphabet (like English).

Are you ready to jump in and start reading Russian? Chapter 2 shows you how to sound out the letters of the Russian alphabet.

Tackling Basic Grammar

In addition to the alphabet, grammar is responsible for earning Russian its reputation for being a difficult language. Don’t worry, though! Chapter 3 makes your transition from English grammar to Russian grammar as smooth as possible. We give you the scoop on Russian nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and sentence construction.

One benefit of Russian: Compared to English, which enforces the strictest order of words on its speakers, Russian allows a completely free, almost anarchic order of words. For example, in the sentence “The dog chased the boy,” the Russian words for boy and dog can switch places and the sentence will still mean “The dog chased the boy.”

But to fully enjoy this freedom of word order, Russians had to pay a dear price: six grammatical cases (nominative, genitive, accusative, dative, instrumental, and prepositional), which anybody who speaks Russian has to constantly juggle in order to create sentences that make sense. Don’t let this fact, however, intimidate you. With the guidelines we provide in Chapter 3, you’ll have a handle on cases in no time.

Easing into Common Expressions

In Chapter 4, we present numerous basic Russian expressions that enable you to start speaking Russian immediately (and politely). Here are just a few of the easiest, shortest ones:

Привет! (pree-vyeht!) (Hi!)

Как дела? (kahk dee-lah?) (How are you?)

Пока! (pah-kah!) (Bye!)

Спасибо! (spuh-see-bah!) (Thank you!)

Понятно! (pah-nyat-nah!) (I see!)

Да. (dah.) (Yes.)

Да-да-да! (dah-dah-dah!) (Yes-yes-yes!) The repetition makes your yes stronger.

Нет. (nyeht.) (No.)

Нет-нет-нет! (nyeht-nyeht-nyeht!) (No-no-no!) You guessed it —this expression makes your no stronger.

Простите! (prahs-tee-tee!) or Извините! (eez-vee-nee-tee!) (Sorry!) This word is a bit longer than its English counterpart, but it comes in handy for acknowledging the blunders you may make as a beginning Russian speaker.

Ой! (ohy!) (Oh!) This term serves to express a wide range of emotions, such as fear, surprise, delight, anger, and many more.

Ай! (ahy!) (Ah!) Use this expression in place of Ой if you prefer, or just for the sake of variety.

Counting on Numbers, Times, and Measurements

Even if you were bad at math in high school, don’t underestimate the importance of numbers, times, and measurements while learning a new language (including Russian). Just think about the activities you can then perform: using currency, calculating prices, exchanging phone numbers, setting meeting times, making sense of addresses and zip codes, and a lot more. So, don’t even think about missing Chapter 5 — it brings you up to speed on all these topics.

In the meantime, you can start using Russian numbers by counting on both hands:

один (ah-deen) (one)

два (dvah) (two)

три (tree) (three)

четыре (chee-ti-ree) (four)

пять (pyat’) (five)

шесть (shehst’) (six)

семь (syehm’) (seven)

восемь (voh-seem’) (eight)

девять (dyeh-veet’) (nine)

десять (dyeh-seet’) (ten)

Speaking Russian around the House

A great way to practice Russian is to wander around your home! Each time you enter a room, recall its name in Russian:

кухня (koohkh-nyeh) (kitchen)

столовая (stah-loh-vuh-yeh) (dining room)

гостиная (gahs-tee-nuh-yeh) (living room)

спальня (spahl’-nyeh) (bedroom)

туалет (tooh-uh-lyeht) (bathroom)

гараж (guh-rahsh) (garage)

Chapter 6 introduces you to Russian words for common rooms, household items, and regular everyday activities, such as eating, drinking, sleeping, and doing chores.

Using Russian in Social Scenarios

After practicing Russian at home, you can take it outside. Part II comes in handy in a lot of life scenarios: making small talk with new acquaintances, asking for directions, eating out and shopping, going out on the town, communicating and handling routine tasks at work, and enjoying hobbies. The following sections give you a sense of what to expect.

Starting conversations

If you want to learn a new language, making small talk is a valuable skill to have. Chapter 7 helps you initiate conversations with folks in Russian. You find out how to state where you’re from, talk about your nationality and ethnicity, give your age, and discuss your family.

You’ll also be armed with a battery of questions that are great ice-breakers, such as the following:

Откуда вы? (aht-kooh-duh vi?) (Where are you from?)

Сколько вам лет? (skohl’-kah vahm lyeht?) (How old are you?)

У вас большая семья? (ooh vahs bahl’-shah-yeh seem’-ya?) (Do you have a big family?)

Кто вы по-профессии? (ktoh vi pah-prah-fyeh-see-ee?) (What do you do?)

Finding your way around

Asking for directions is what tourists in all countries of the world do. If you’re in Russia (or traveling in any new place where Russian is the main language), it doesn’t hurt to carry a map with you at all times, just in case. That way if you ask passers-by for directions, they can explain which way to go by just pointing it out to you on the map. But first you need to attract a passer-by’s attention. The best way to do this is to say the following: Извините, где. . . ? (eez-vee-nee-tee, gdyeh. . . ?) (Excuse me, where is. . . ?) plus the place you’re looking for in the nominative case. For full details on asking for (and understanding) directions, see Chapter 8.

Eating out and buying food

A fun (and satisfying!) activity for practicing your Russian is going out to eat. At a Russian restaurant or café, you may discover that the names of dishes on the menu are translated into English followed by very flowery explanations; the wait staff usually understands English, as long as it covers the menu. When placing an order, you can just point to the item you want. You can also add the following phrase, just to show off your Russian: Я буду . . . (ya booh-dooh . . .) (I will have . . .) followed by the name of the item in the accusative case.

You can discover more Russian to use while eating out and buying food at a market in Chapter 9.

Going shopping

To indicate that they want to buy an item, Russians use a language structure that, in a way, reflects the shortages in merchandise they experienced in Soviet times: У вас есть. . . ? (ooh vahs yehst’. . . ?) (Do you have. . . ?) plus the name of the item in the nominative case.

A couple of Russian phrases are especially useful when you go shopping. To ask how much something costs, use the phrase Сколько стоит . . . ? (skohl’-kah stoh-eet. . . ?) (How much does . . . cost?), inserting the name of the item in the nominative case, if you’re buying one thing. If you’re buying more than one thing, ask Сколько стоят. . . ? (skohl’-kah stoh-eet. . . ?) (How much do . . . cost?), using the word for the items in the nominative plural form.

Chapter 10 features a lot more shopping vocabulary and phrases for getting help, trying on clothes, asking for specific colors, and paying for the merchandise you buy.

Exploring entertainment opportunities

Exploring new places and meeting new people are always fun. When you head out on the town, you may choose from a variety of activities; for instance, you may decide to check out a museum, a movie, or a play.

Seeing a classical Russian ballet, either in the newly renovated Bolshoy Theater in Moscow or the Mariinsky Theater in St. Petersburg, is a must for any self-respecting tourist in Russia.

Going out on the town often involves making plans, buying tickets, and finding the correct seating. Chapter 11 helps you navigate all these tasks in Russian.

Doing business and communicating

If you’re planning a business trip to Russia or need to speak to Russian colleagues in your home office, you should definitely go over Chapter 12. There you find common words and phrases used in an office setting. In addition, you find guidance to help you master the art of telephone conversations in Russian — and don’t forget about using computers and sending correspondence!

Enjoying sports, hobbies, recreation, and more

Hobbies can take many forms, and you may want to share information about yours with friends and acquaintances in Russian. For example:

If you’re a sports fan, you better know how to talk about your favorite sports in Russian. (Also, prepare to be converted into a soccer or hockey fan — these are Russians’ two most favorite games.)

Russians are avid readers and, for the most part, very well-read individuals. So if you’re speaking Russian, be prepared to say at least something about books and literature genres you like or dislike.

Beware: Saying “I don’t read much” can earn you a tarnished reputation.

If you happen to be in Russia in summer, late spring, or early autumn, don’t miss the experience of going to a country house on a weekend. You’ll never forget it.

Flip to Chapter 13 for more about hobbies and the great outdoors.

Getting a Handle on Travel Topics

After you’ve had time to practice Russian at home, you may consider traveling to Russia. Be sure to acquaint yourself with the following tasks in Russian:

Preparing for a trip: Planning a trip is an enjoyable part of the travel process, and we let you enjoy it to the fullest with phrases and words you need to decide where you want to go, book your trip, and pack. All this info and more is in Chapter 14.

Making sense of money: Financial matters can be very confusing when you travel to a different country. That’s because you deal with foreign currency while performing such everyday transactions as getting money out of an ATM, using your credit card, and paying with cash. Chapter 15 provides plenty of guidance on how to manage your money and perform financial transactions.

Getting around with local transportation: Clearly, expertise in using various types of public transportation is an important skill a traveler should have. Dealing with public transportation isn’t as easy as it may seem if you’re speaking a new language! Don’t panic, though; just turn to Chapter 16 for help.

Securing a place to stay: Hotels, as you know, can be good, bad, or ugly. To avoid the latter, we provide you with essential questions you may want to ask before buying into a deal. Chapter 17 provides Russian vocabulary that helps you make hotel reservations, check in, resolve issues, and pay your bill.

Taking action during emergencies: We hope you won’t need any of the expressions we provide in Chapter 18 during your trip. But it’s always a good idea to plan for emergencies. Here’s one word that lets others know you need help: Помогите! (pah-mah-gee-tee!) (Help!) — don’t forget it!