Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
About the Authors
About the Technical Editor
Credits
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Who This Book Is For
What's New in This Edition
How This Book Is Structured
What You Need to Use This Book
Conventions
Source Code
Errata
p2p.wrox.com
Part I: The C# Language
Chapter 1: Introducing C#
What is the .NET Framework?
What is C#?
Visual Studio 2010
Summary
Chapter 2: Writing a C# Program
The Development Environments
Console Applications
Windows Forms Applications
Summary
Chapter 3: Variables and Expressions
Basic C# Syntax
Basic C# Console Application Structure
Variables
Expressions
Summary
Chapter 4: Flow Control
Boolean Logic
The goto Statement
Branching
Looping
Summary
Chapter 5: More About Variables
Type Conversion
Complex Variable Types
String Manipulation
Summary
Chapter 6: Functions
Defining and Using Functions
Variable Scope
The Main() Function
Struct Functions
Overloading Functions
Delegates
Summary
Chapter 7: Debugging and Error Handling
Debugging in VS and VCE
Error Handling
Summary
Chapter 8: Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming
What Is Object-Oriented Programming?
OOP Techniques
OOP in Windows Applications
Summary
What You Learned in this Chapter
Chapter 9: Defining Classes
Class Definitions in C#
System.Object
Constructors and Destructors
OOP Tools in VS and VCE
Class Library Projects
Interfaces Versus Abstract Classes
Struct Types
Shallow Copying Versus Deep Copying
Summary
Chapter 10: Defining Class Members
Member Definitions
Additional Class Member Topics
Interface Implementation
Partial Class Definitions
Partial Method Definitions
Example Application
The Call Hierarchy Window
Summary
Chapter 11: Collections, Comparisons, and Conversions
Collections
Comparisons
Conversions
Summary
Chapter 12: Generics
What Are Generics?
Using Generics
Defining Generic Types
Variance
Summary
Chapter 13: Additional OOP Techniques
The :: Operator and the Global Namespace Qualifier
Custom Exceptions
Events
Expanding and Using CardLib
Summary
Chapter 14: C# Language Enhancements
Initializers
Type Inference
Anonymous Types
Dynamic Lookup
Advanced Method Parameters
Extension Methods
Lambda Expressions
Summary
Part II: Windows Programming
Chapter 15: Basic Windows Programming
Controls
The Button Control
The Label and LinkLabel Controls
The TextBox Control
The RadioButton and CheckBox Controls
The RichTextBox Control
The ListBox and CheckedListBox Controls
The ListView Control
The TabControl Control
Summary
Chapter 16: Advanced Windows Forms Features
Menus and Toolbars
Toolbars
SDI and MDI Applications
Building MDI Applications
Creating Controls
Summary
Chapter 17: Deploying Windows Applications
Deployment Overview
ClickOnce Deployment
Visual Studio Setup and Deployment Project Types
Microsoft Windows Installer Architecture
Creating an Installation Package for the MDI Editor
Building the Project
Installation
Summary
Part III: Web Programming
Chapter 18: ASP.NET Web Programming
Overview of Web Applications
ASP.NET Runtime
Creating a Simple Page
Server Controls
ASP.NET Postback
ASP.NET AJAX Postback
Input Validation
State Management
Styles
Master Pages
Site Navigation
Authentication and Authorization
Reading from and Writing to a SQL Server Database
Summary
Chapter 19: Web Services
Where to Use Web Services
Application Architecture
Web Services Architecture
Web Services and the .NET Framework
Creating a Simple ASP.NET Web Service
Testing the Web Service
Implementing a Windows Client
Calling the Service Asynchronously
Implementing an ASP.NET Client
Passing Data
Summary
Chapter 20: Deploying Web Applications
Internet Information Services
IIS Configuration
Copying a Website
Publishing a Web Application
Windows Installer
Summary
Part IV: Data Access
Chapter 21: File System Data
Streams
The Classes for Input and Output
Serialized Objects
Monitoring the File System
Summary
Chapter 22: XML
XML Documents
Using XML in Your Application
Summary
Chapter 23: Introduction to LINQ
First LINQ Query
Using the LINQ Method Syntax
Ordering Query Results
orderby Clause
Ordering Using Method Syntax
Querying a Large Data Set
Aggregate Operators
Querying Complex Objects
Projection: Creating New Objects in Queries
Projection: Method Syntax
Select Distinct Query
Any and All
Ordering by Multiple Levels
Multi-Level Ordering Method Syntax: ThenBy
Group Queries
Take and Skip
First and FirstOrDefault
Set Operators
Joins
Summary
Chapter 24: Applying LINQ
LINQ Varieties
Using LINQ with Databases
Installing SQL Server and the Northwind Sample Data
First LINQ to Database Query
Navigating Database Relationships
Using LINQ with XML
LINQ to XML Functional Constructors
Saving and Loading an XML Document
Working with XML Fragments
Generating XML from Databases
How to Query an XML Document
Using LINQ to XML Query Members
Summary
Part V: Additional Techniques
Chapter 25: Windows Presentation Foundation
What Is WPF?
Anatomy of a Basic WPF Application
WPF Fundamentals
Programming with WPF
Summary
Chapter 26: Windows Communication Foundation
What Is WCF?
WCF Concepts
WCF Programming
Summary
Chapter 27: Windows Workflow Foundation
Hello World
Workflows and Activities
Arguments and Variables
Custom Activities
Summary
Appendix A: Exercise Solutions
Chapter 3 Solutions
Chapter 4 Solutions
Chapter 5 Solutions
Chapter 6 Solutions
Chapter 7 Solutions
Chapter 8 Solutions
Chapter 9 Solutions
Chapter 10 Solutions
Chapter 11 Solutions
Chapter 12 Solutions
Chapter 13 Solutions
Chapter 14 Solutions
Chapter 15 Solutions
Chapter 16 Solutions
Chapter 17 Solutions
Chapter 18 Solutions
Chapter 19 Solutions
Chapter 20 Solutions
Chapter 21 Solutions
Chapter 22 Solutions
Chapter 23 Solutions
Chapter 24 Solutions
Chapter 25 Solutions
Chapter 26 Solutions
Answers to Chapter 27 Exercises
Index
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Beginning Visual C# 2010
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Copyright © 2010 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
Published simultaneously in Canada
ISBN: 978-0-470-50226-6
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About the Authors
KARLI WATSON is consultant at Infusion Development (www.infusion.com), a technology architect at Boost.net (www.boost.net), and a freelance IT specialist, author, and developer. For the most part, he immerses himself in .NET (in particular C# and lately WPF) and has written numerous books in the field for several publishers. He specializes in communicating complex ideas in a way that is accessible to anyone with a passion to learn, and spends much of his time playing with new technology to find new things to teach people about.
During those (seemingly few) times where he isn't doing the above, Karli will probably be wishing he was hurtling down a mountain on a snowboard. Or possibly trying to get his novel published. Either way, you'll know him by his brightly colored clothes. You can also find him tweeting online at www.twitter.com/karlequin, and maybe one day he'll get around to making himself a website. Karli authored chapters 1 through 14, 21, 25 and 26.
CHRISTIAN NAGEL is a Microsoft Regional Director and Microsoft MVP, an associate of Thinktecture, and owner of CN Innovation. He is a software architect and developer who offers training and consulting on how to develop Microsoft .NET solutions. He looks back on more than 25 years of software development experience. Christian started his computing career with PDP 11 and VAX/VMS systems, covering a variety of languages and platforms. Since 2000, when .NET was just a technology preview, he has been working with various .NET technologies to build numerous .NET solutions. With his profound knowledge of Microsoft technologies, he has written numerous .NET books, and is certified as a Microsoft Certified Trainer and Professional Developer. Christian speaks at international conferences such as TechEd and Tech Days, and started INETA Europe to support .NET user groups. You can contact Christian via his web sites, www.cninnovation.com and www.thinktecture.com and follow his tweets on www.twitter.com/christiannagel. Christian wrote chapters 17 through 20.
JACOB HAMMER PEDERSEN is a Senior Application Developer at Elbek & Vejrup. He just about started programming when he was able to spell the word ‘BASIC', which, incidentally is the first programming language he ever used. He started programming the PC in the early '90s, using Pascal but soon changed his focus to C++, which still holds his interest. In the mid '90s his focus changed again, this time to Visual Basic. In the summer of 2000 he discovered C# and has been happily exploring it ever since. Primarily working on the Microsoft platforms, his other expertise includes MS Office development, SQL Server, COM and Visual Basic.Net.
A Danish citizen, Jacob works and lives in Aarhus, Denmark. He authored chapters 15, 16, and 22.
JON D. REID is a software engineering manager at Metrix LLC, an ISV of field service management software for the Microsoft environment. He has co-authored a variety .NET books, including Beginning Visual C# 2008, Beginning C# Databases: From Novice to Professional, Pro Visual Studio .NET, and many others. Jon wrote chapters 23 and 24.
MORGAN SKINNER began his computing career at a young age on the Sinclair ZX80 at school, where he was underwhelmed by some code a teacher had written and so began programming in assembly language. Since then he's used all sorts of languages and platforms, including VAX Macro Assembler, Pascal, Modula2, Smalltalk, X86 assembly language, PowerBuilder, C/C++, VB, and currently C# (of course). He's been programming in .NET since the PDC release in 2000, and liked it so much he joined Microsoft in 2001. He now works in premier support for developers and spends most of his time assisting customers with C#. Morgan wrapped up the book by authoring chapter 27. You can reach Morgan at www.morganskinner.com.
Introduction
C# is a relatively new language that was unveiled to the world when Microsoft announced the first version of its .NET Framework in July 2000. Since then its popularity has rocketed, and it has arguably become the language of choice for both Windows and Web developers who use the .NET Framework. Part of the appeal of C# comes from its clear syntax, which derives from C/C++ but simplifies some things that have previously discouraged some programmers. Despite this simplification, C# has retained the power of C++, and there is now no reason not to move into C#. The language is not difficult and it's a great one to learn elementary programming techniques with. This ease of learning, combined with the capabilities of the .NET Framework, make C# an excellent way to start your programming career.
The latest release of C#, C# 4, which is included with version 4 of the .NET Framework, builds on the existing successes and adds even more attractive features. The latest release of Visual Studio (Visual Studio 2010), and the Express line of development tools (including Visual C# 2010 Express) also bring many tweaks and improvements to make your life easier and dramatically increase your productivity.
This book is intended to teach you about all aspects of C# programming, from the language itself, through Windows and Web programming, to making use of data sources, and finally to some new and advanced techniques. You'll also learn about the capabilities of Visual C# 2010 Express, Visual Web Developer 2010 Express, and Visual Studio 2010, and all the ways that these products can aid your application development.
The book is written in a friendly, mentor-style fashion, with each chapter building on previous ones, and every effort is made to ease you into advanced techniques painlessly. At no point will technical terms appear from nowhere to discourage you from continuing; every concept is introduced and discussed as required. Technical jargon is kept to a minimum; but where it is necessary, it too is properly defined and laid out in context.
The authors of this book are all experts in their field, and are all enthusiastic in their passion for both the C# language and the .NET Framework. Nowhere will you find a group of people better qualified to take you under their collective wing and nurture your understanding of C# from first principles to advanced techniques. Along with the fundamental knowledge it provides, this book is packed full of helpful hints, tips, exercises, and full-fledged example code (available for download at p2p.wrox.com) that you will find yourself returning to repeatedly as your career progresses.
We pass this knowledge on without begrudging it, and hope that you will be able to use it to become the best programmer you can be. Good luck, and all the best!
Who This Book Is For
This book is for everyone who wants to learn how to program in C# using the .NET Framework. The early chapters cover the language itself, assuming no prior programming experience. If you have programmed in other languages before, then much of the material in these chapters will be familiar. Many aspects of C# syntax are shared with other languages, and many structures are common to practically all programming languages (such as looping and branching structures). However, even if you are an experienced programmer you will benefit from looking through these chapters to learn the specifics of how these techniques apply to C#.
If you are new to programming, you should start from the beginning. If you are new to the .NET Framework but know how to program, you should read Chapter 1 and then skim through the next few chapters before continuing with the application of the C# language. If you know how to program but haven't encountered an object-oriented programming language before, you should read the chapters from Chapter 8 onward.
Alternatively, if you already know the C# language you may wish to concentrate on the chapters dealing with the most recent .NET Framework and C# language developments, specifically the chapters on collections, generics, and C# 4 language enhancements (Chapters 11 to 14), or skip the first section of the book completely and start with Chapter 15.
The chapters in this book have been written with a dual purpose in mind: They can be read sequentially to provide a complete tutorial in the C# language, and they can be dipped into as required as reference material.
In addition to the core material, starting with Chapter 3 each chapter also includes a selection of exercises at the end, which you can work through to ensure that you have understood the material. The exercises range from simple multiple choice or true/false questions to more complex exercises that require you to modify or build applications. The answers to all the exercises are provided as a download from the book's Web page at www.wrox.com.
What's New in This Edition
This book has been given plenty of love and attention to coincide with the release of C# 4 and .NET 4. Every chapter has been given an overhaul, with less relevant material removed, and new material added. All of the code has been tested against the latest version of the development tools used, and all of the screenshots have been retaken in Windows 7 to provide the most current windows and dialogs.
Although we hate to admit our own fallibility, any errors from previous editions have been fixed, and many other reader comments have been addressed. Hopefully, we haven't introduced many new errors, but any that may have slipped through our web of experts will be corrected online as soon as we find them.
New highlights of this edition include the following:
- Additional and improved code examples for you to try out
- Coverage of everything that's new in C# 4, from simple language improvements such as named and optional method parameters, to advanced techniques such as variance in generic types
- Streamlined coverage of advanced techniques to focus on those most appropriate to beginners without getting too obscure
How This Book Is Structured
This book is divided into six sections:
- Introduction: Purpose and general outline of the book's contents
- The C# Language: Covers all aspects of the C# language, from the fundamentals to object-oriented techniques
- Windows Programming: How to write Windows applications in C# and how to deploy them
- Web Programming: Web application development, Web services, and Web application deployment
- Data Access: How to use data in your applications, including data stored in files on your hard disk, data stored in XML format, and data in databases
- Additional Techniques: An examination of some extra ways to use C# and the .NET framework, including WPF, WCF, and WF—technologies introduced with .NET 3.0 and enhanced for .NET 4.
The following sections describe the chapters in the five major parts of this book.
The C# Language (Chapters 1–14)
Chapter 1 introduces you to C# and how it fits into the .NET landscape. You'll learn the fundamentals of programming in this environment, and how Visual C# 2010 Express (VCE) and Visual Studio 2010 (VS) fit in.
Chapter 2 starts you off with writing C# applications. You'll look at the syntax of C# and put the language to use with sample command-line and Windows applications. These examples will demonstrate just how quick and easy it can be to get up and running, and along the way you'll be introduced to the VCE and VS development environments and the basic windows and tools that you'll be using throughout the book.
Next you'll learn more about the basics of the C# language. You'll learn what variables are and how to manipulate them in Chapter 3. You'll enhance the structure of your applications with flow control (looping and branching) in Chapter 4, and see some more advanced variable types such as arrays in Chapter 5. In Chapter 6 you'll start to encapsulate your code in the form of functions, which make it much easier to perform repetitive operations and make your code much more readable.
By the beginning of Chapter 7 you'll have a handle on the fundamentals of the C# language, and will focus on debugging your applications. This involves looking at outputting trace information as your applications are executed, and at how VS can be used to trap errors and lead you to solutions for them with its powerful debugging environment.
From Chapter 8 onward you'll learn about object-oriented programming (OOP), starting with a look at what this term means, and an answer to the eternal question “What is an object?” OOP can seem quite difficult at first. The whole of Chapter 8 is devoted to demystifying it and explaining what makes it so great, and you won't actually deal with much C# code until the very end of the chapter.
Everything changes in Chapter 9, when you put theory into practice and start using OOP in your C# applications. This is where the true power of C# lies. You'll start by looking at how to define classes and interfaces, and then move on to class members (including fields, properties, and methods) in Chapter 10. At the end of that chapter you'll start to assemble a card game application, which is developed over several chapters, and will help to illustrate OOP.
Once you've learned how OOP works in C#, Chapter 11 moves on to look at common OOP scenarios, including dealing with collections of objects, and comparing and converting objects. Chapter 12 takes a look at a very useful feature of C# that was introduced in .NET 2.0: generics, which enables you to create very flexible classes. Next, Chapter 13 continues the discussion of the C# language and OOP with some additional techniques, notably events, which become very important in, for example, Windows programming. Finally, Chapter 14 focuses on C# language features that were introduced with versions 3.0 and 4 of the language.
Windows Programming (Chapters 15–17)
Chapter 15 starts by introducing you to what is meant by Windows programming, and looks at how this is achieved in VCE and VS. Again, you'll start with the basics and build up your knowledge in both this chapter and Chapter 16, which demonstrates how you can use the wealth of controls supplied by the .NET Framework in your applications. You'll quickly understand how .NET enables you to build Windows applications in a graphical way, and assemble advanced applications with the minimum of effort and time.
Chapter 17 discusses how to deploy your applications, including how to make installation programs that enable your users to get up and running with your applications in double-quick time.
Web Programming (Chapters 18–20)
This section is structured in a similar way to the Windows programming section. It starts with Chapter 18, which describes the controls that make up the simplest of Web applications, and how you can fit them together and make them perform tasks using ASP.NET. The chapter then moves on to look at more advanced techniques, ASP.NET AJAX, versatile controls, and state management in the context of the Web, as well as how to conform to Web standards.
Chapter 19 is an excursion into the wonderful world of Web services, which provide programmatic access to information and capabilities across the Internet. Web services enable you to expose complex data and functionality to Web and Windows applications in a platform-independent way. This chapter discusses how to use and create Web services, and the additional tools that .NET provides, including security.
Finally, Chapter 20 examines the deployment of Web applications and services, in particular the features of VS and VWD that enable you to publish applications to the Web with the click of a button.
Data Access (Chapters 21–24)
Chapter 21 looks at how your applications can save and retrieve data to disk, both as simple text files and as more complex representations of data. You'll also learn how to compress data, how to work with legacy data such as comma-separated value (CSV) files, and how to monitor and act on file system changes.
In Chapter 22 you'll learn about the de facto standard for data exchange—namely, XML. By this point in the book, you'll have touched on XML several times in preceding chapters, but this chapter lays out the ground rules and shows you what all the excitement is about.
The remainder of this part looks at LINQ, which is a query language built in to the latest versions of the .NET Framework. You start in Chapter 23 with a general introduction to LINQ, and then you will use LINQ to access a database and other data in Chapter 24.
Additional Techniques (Chapters 25–27)
Finally, in this part of the book you will look at some exciting new technologies that have emerged with the most recent .NET Framework releases. In Chapter 25 you will get to play with Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) and see how it promises enormous changes to both Windows and Web development. Chapter 26 looks at Windows Communication Foundation (WCF), which extends and enhances the concept of Web services to an enterprise-level communication technology. The last chapter of the book, Chapter 27, looks at Windows Workflow Foundation (WF). WF enables you to implement workflow functionality in your applications, meaning you can define operations that are performed in a specific order controlled by external interactions, which is very useful for many types of applications.
What You Need to Use This Book
The code and descriptions of C# and the .NET Framework in this book apply to .NET 4. You don't need anything other than the Framework to understand this aspect of the book, but many of the examples require a development tool. This book uses Visual C# 2010 Express as its primary development tool, although some chapters use Visual Web Developer 2010 Express. In addition, some functionality is available only in Visual Studio 2010, which is noted where appropriate.
Conventions
To help you get the most from the text and keep track of what's happening, we've used a number of conventions throughout the book.
Warning
Boxes with this icon hold important, not-to-be forgotten information that is directly relevant to the surrounding text.
Note
Notes, tips, hints, tricks, and asides to the current discussion are accompanied by this icon treatment.
As for styles in the text:
- New terms and important words are italicized when introduced.
- Keyboard strokes are shown like this: Ctrl+A.
- Filenames, URLs, and code within the text looks like so: persistence.properties.
- Code is presented in two different ways:
We use a monofont type with no highlighting for most code examples.
We use bolded monofont to emphasize code that is of particular importance in
the present context.
Source Code
As you work through the examples in this book, you may choose either to type in all the code manually or to use the source code files that accompany the book. All of the source code used in this book is available for download at www.wrox.com. Once at the site, simply locate the book's title (either by using the Search box or by using one of the title lists) and click the Download Code link on the book's detail page to obtain all the source code for the book.
Code snippets that are downloadable from wrox.com are easily identified with an icon; the filename of the code snippet follows in a code note that appears after the code, much like the one that follows this paragraph. If it is an entire code listing, the filename should appear in the listing title.
Code snippet filename
Note
Because many books have similar titles, you may find it easiest to search by ISBN; this book's ISBN is 978-0-470-50226-6.
Once you download the code, just decompress it with your favorite compression tool. Alternately, you can go to the main Wrox code download page at www.wrox.com/dynamic/books/download.aspx to see the code available for this book and all other Wrox books.
Errata
Every effort is made to ensure that there are no errors in the text or in the code. However, no one is perfect, and mistakes do occur. If you find an error in one of our books, such as a spelling mistake or a faulty piece of code, your feedback is welcome. By sending in errata, you might save another reader hours of frustration, and at the same time you will help us provide even higher quality information.
To find the errata page for this book, go to www.wrox.com and locate the title using the Search box or one of the title lists. Then, on the book details page, click the Book Errata link. On this page you can view all errata that has been submitted for this book and posted by Wrox editors. A complete book list, including links to each book's errata, is also available at www.wrox.com/misc-pages/booklist.shtml.
If you don't spot “your” error on the Book Errata page, go to www.wrox.com/contact/techsupport.shtml and complete the form there to send us the error you have found. Once the information is checked, a message is posted to the book's errata page and the problem is fixed in subsequent editions of the book.
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At http://p2p.wrox.com you will find a number of different forums that will help you not only as you read this book, but also as you develop your own applications. To join the forums, just follow these steps:
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Once you join, you can post new messages and respond to messages other users post. You can read messages at any time on the Web. If you would like to have new messages from a particular forum e-mailed to you, click the Subscribe to this Forum icon by the forum name in the forum listing.
For more information about how to use the Wrox P2P, be sure to read the P2P FAQs for answers to questions about how the forum software works as well as many common questions specific to P2P and Wrox books. To read the FAQs, click the FAQ link on any P2P page.
