Felix Schumm, Mozartstr. 9, 73117 Wangen, Germany. Email: fschumm@online.de

André Aptroot, Laboratório de Botânica / Liquenologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Avenida Costa e Silva s/n, Bairro Universitário, CEP 79070-900, Campo Grande, Matto Grosso do Sul. Brazil.
Email: andreaptroot@gmail.com

Content

• Volume 1
• Introduction
• Material and Methods
• Key to genera and species
• Literature
• Plates and descriptions
• Volume 2
• Plates and descriptions
• Volume 3
• Plates and descriptions
• Volume 4
• Plates and descriptions
• Index with synonymes

new combinations

Astrothelium himalayense (Upreti & Aptroot) Aptroot & Schumm

Bogoriella oleosa (Aptroot) Aptroot & Schumm

Pseudopyrenula kantvilasii (P.M. McCarthy) Aptroot

Astrothelium leucothelium Nyl., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 5 7: 348 (1867)

Thallus corticate, greenish grey. Ascomata several chambers joined with eccentric, fused ostioles. Hamathecium clear. Spores 8/ascus, 3(–5) septate 32–52 × 10–17 μm, hyaline, IKI-. Chemistry Thallus and ascomata UV+ yellow, K-, TLC: lichexanthone

[ABL60477], Costa Rica, Prov. Guanacaste, Volcán Tenorio National Park, 25 km NNW of Tilarán, 84°59’ W, 10°43’ N, 700 m. On tree in meadow along access road to station near Bijagua. Leg. A. Aptroot (no. 60477), 15.03.2004, det. A. Aptroot 2004.

Astrothelium leucothelium Nyl., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 5 7: 348 (1867)

Thallus corticate, greenish grey. Ascomata several chambers joined with eccentric, fused ostioles. Hamathecium clear. Spores 8/ascus, 3(–5) septate, 32–52 × 10–17 μm, hyaline, IKI–. Chemistry: Thallus and ascomata UV+ yellow, K–, TLC: lichexanthone

[ABL78465], Brazil, Santa Catarina, Joinville, Recanto das Nascentes Divinas, in Atlantic rain forest on tree bark. 225 m, 26° 12’43” S, 49°00’ 11” W. Leg. A. Aptroot (no 78465), 29.03.2019, det. A. Aptroot, 2019.

Astrothelium lineatum Aptroot & M. Cáceres, in Cáceres & Aptroot. Bryologist 119(3): 254 (2016)

Thallus dull, ochraceous, completely covered with bright orange pigment, not surrounded by a prothallus, apparently inducing gall formation of the host bark. Ascomata globose to pyriform, 0.5–0.8 mm diam., deeply immersed in and below pseudostromata, in groups of 3–15. Pseudostroma not much differentiated from the thallus, ellipsoid to elongated or branched, occasionally forming a reticulum, orange pigmented on the surface, internally not pigmented. Ostioles apical, pale brown, surrounded by a c. 0.1 mm wide whitish ring. Hamathecium not inspersed, IKI–. Ascospores 8/ascus, hyaline, regularly muriform, 45–55 × 11–13 μm, long-ellipsoid, without distinctly thickened median septum, surrounded by a 10–13 μm wide gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia not observed.

Chemistry: Thallus and pseudostroma UV+ pink, C–, P–, K+ blood red. TLC: An anthraquinone, probably parietin.

[ABL27517], Brazil, Amapá, Mazagão, NE of Reserva extrativista Moracá, Ramal do Rio Preto on BR 156, 30 m, 0°00’ S, 51°40’ W. On tree bark in cerrado. Leg. M. Cáceres & A. Aptroot (no 27517), 21.08.2015, det. A. Aptroot, 2015. ISOTYPE.

Astrothelium luridum (Zahlbr.) Aptroot & Lücking, Lichenologist 48(6): 867 (2016)

= Trypethelium luridum Zahlbr., Annls mycol. 14(1/2): 47 (1916)

= Trypethelium endosulfureum Makhija & Patw., J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 73:197 (1993)

Thallus corticate, olive-brown to yellowish. Ascomata with apical ostioles; pseudostromata 0.8–1.5 mm broad, erumpent to prominent, covered by thallus except for dark ostiolar area. Hamathecium clear. Ascospores 8/ascus, 7–11-septate, 55–88 × 13–28 μm, hyaline, IKI-. Chemistry: thallus and pseudostromata UV-, internally K+ red with anthraquinone.

[AMH77905], India Meghalaya, Mohmtheid-Cherapunji road. leg. Patwardhan & Nagarkar, 20.10.1977. Part of HOLOTYPE of Trypethelium endosulfureum.

Astrothelium luridum (Zahlbr.) Aptroot & Lücking, Lichenologist 48(6): 867 (2016)

= Trypethelium luridum Zahlbr., Annls mycol. 14(1/2): 47 (1916)

= Trypethelium endosulfureum Makhija & Patw., J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 73:197 (1993)

Thallus corticate, olive-brown to yellowish. Ascomata with apical ostioles; pseudostromata 0.8–1.5 mm broad, erumpent to prominent, covered by thallus except for dark ostiolar area. Hamathecium clear. Ascospores 8/ascus, 7–11 septate, 55–88 × 13–28 μm. hyaline, IKI-. Chemistry: thallus and pseudostromata UV-, internally K+ red with anthraquinone.

[Kashiw19781], Japan, Shikoku, Prov. Tosa: Kamikobi, Nakamuracity. On stone works; 200 m. Leg. H. Kashiwadani (no 19781), 24.03.1983, det. A. Aptroot.

Astrothelium macrocarpum (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking. Lichenologist 48(6): 867 (2016)

= Porina macrocarpa Fée, Essai Crypt. Exot. (Paris): 81 (1825) [1824]

= Porophora macrocarpa (Fée) Spreng., Syst. veg., Edn 16 4(1): 241 (1827)

Thallos corticate, olive-green to yellowish, smooth to uneven. Ascomata several chambers joined with eccentric, fused ostioles; joined ascomata pseudostromatic; pseudostromata 0.5–1 mm diam., erumpent to prominent, conical with flattened top, covered by thallus with lateral part whitish and upper part with yellow-orange pigment and dark ostiole. Hamathecium clear. Ascospores 8/ascus, fusiform-ellipsoid, 3 septate, hyaline, 21–28 × 7–11 μm, IKI-. Chemistry: Thallus UV+ yellow, K-, with lichexanthone; pseudostromata with yellow-orange, K+ purple, UV+ red anthraquinone, probably parietin.

[ABLISE48621], Brazil, Bahia. Itamarajú. Monte Pascual, on tree bark in cerrado forest, 16°51’57” S, 39°24’59” W, 130 m. Leg. M. Cáceres & A. Aptroot (no ISE 48621), 18.02.2019, det A. Aptroot, 2019.

Astrothelium macroeustomum Aptroot & Sipman, in Aptroot, Sipman, Barreto, Nunes & Cáceres, Lichenologist 51(1): 32 (2019)

Thallus corticate, continuous, pale ochraceus brown. Ascomata 0.6–1 mm diam, mostly 2–5-aggregated, mostly immersed in the bark tissue below the thallus. Ostioles eccentric, fused, black, surrounded by a white pruinose rim. Hamathecium not inspersed. Ascospores 8/ascus, hyaline, 5-septate, 50–55 × 12–17 μm, IKI- or very pale blue. Chemistry: thallus and ascomata UV-, K-, ostiole UV+ yellow, TLC: liehexanthone.

[Sipman31769], French Guyana, tropical primary forest along pistea to Crique Limonade, about halfway. 3°35’ N, 53° 13’ W, 300 m. Leg. H. Sipman (no 31769). On trunk and branches of fallen trees. ISOTYPE.

Astrothelium macrosporum (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking, Lichenologist 48(6): 868 (2016)

= Trypethelium macrosporum Makhija & Patw., J. Hattori bot. Lab. 73:200 (1993)

Thallus corticate, olive-green to yellowish. Ascomata with ostioles, solitary to irregularly confluent, 0.7–1 mm diam., erumpent, covered by thallus except dark ostiolar area, surounded by irregular whitish rim. Hamathecium finely inspersed. Spores 8/ascus, 9–13 septate, 120–195 × 17–22 μm, hyaline, IKI–. Chemistry: thallus and ascomata UV-, K-. TLC: no lichen substances detected.

[AMH77826], India, Meghalaya, Cherapunji Road. Leg. Patwardhan & Nagarkar (AMH77826), 17.10.1977. ISOTYPE of Trypethelium macrosporum.

Astrothelium marcidum (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking, Lichenologist 48(6): 868 (2016)

= Trypethelium marcidum (Fée) Müll. Arg., Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. nat. Genève 30(no. 3): 11 (1888)

= Pyrenula marcida Fée, Essai Crypt. Exot. (Paris): 77 (1825) [1824]

= Verrucaria marcida (Fée) Spreng., Syst. veg., Edn 164(1): 245 (1827)

Thallus corticate, olive-brown. Ascomata several chambers joined with eccentric, fused ostioles, immersed-erumpent covered by thallus or yellow white layer. Hamathecium clear. Spores 8/ascus, 3-septate, 35–45 × 14–16 μm, hyaline, IKI-. Chemistry: thallus and ascomata UV-, K-. TLC: no lichen substances detected.

[ABL25608], U.S.A., Puerto Rico, Distr. Ponce, Caribbean National Forest. Toro Negro Division, road 143, km 25, mossy forest remnants on mountain top, on Ficus trees. Leg. A. & M. Aptroot (no 25608), 21 .-31.05.1989, det. A. Aptroot, 1989.

Astrothelium marcidum (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking, Lichenologist 48(6): 868 (2016)

= Trypethelium marcidum (Fée) Müll. Arg., Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. nat. Genève 30(no. 3): 11 (1888)

= Pyrenula marcida Fée, Essai Crypt. Exot. (Paris): 77 (1825) [1824]

= Verrucaria marcida (Fée) Spreng., Syst. veg., Edn 164(1): 245 (1827)

Thallus corticate, olive-brown. Ascomata several chambers joined with eccentric, fused ostioles, immersed-erumpent covered by thallus or yellow white layer. Hamathecium clear. Spores 8/ascus, 3-septate, 35–45 × 14–16 μm, hyaline, IKI-. Chemistry: thallus and ascomata UV-, K-. TLC: no lichen substances detected.

[ABLISE28524a], Brazil, Bahia, Itamarajú, Monte Pascual, on tree bark in cerrado forest. 16°51’57” S, 39°24’59” W, 130 m. Leg. M.Cáceres & A. Aptroot (no ISE48524a), 18-02.2019, det. A. Aptroot, 2019.

Astrothelium megaeneum Flakus & Aptroot, in Flakus, Kukwa & Aptroot. Lichenologist 48(6): 668 (2016)

Thallus corticate, with corticiform layer c. 20 μm thick, smooth, matt, continuous, not inducing swellings of the host bark, covering areas ≤ 10 cm diam., c. 0.5 mm thick, orange, not surrounded by a black prothallus. Ascomata pyriform, 0.3–0.7 mm diam., single or 2–5 fused together, mostly aggregated, immersed in the thallus with base often immersed in the bark, ascomatal Verrucae irregular in outline and with sloping sides, orange, thalline cover not containing bark tissue. Wall fully but not uniformly carbonized, composed of several layers, not differentiated into excipulum and involucrellum, ≤ c. 50 μm wide (in upper part sometimes ≤ c. 130 μm). Ostioles apical, fused to separated, when separated then 2–5 aggregated and surrounded by a common ostiolar area, black, surrounded by a greyish black, Oat spot. Hamathecium clear. Asci 8-spored. Ascospores hyaline, 3-septate, narrowly ellipsoid, 26–35 × 11–12 μm, ends rounded, lumina diamond-shaped, surrounded by a gelatinous layer ≤ 3 μm thick. Pycnidia not observed. Chemistry: Thallus surface UV+ orange, K+ purple, thallus medulla K–; pseudostromata surface UV+ orange, inner part of pseudostromata K–. TLC: parietin (major) detected.

[ISE48600], Brazil, Bahia, Itamarajú, Monte Pascual, on tree bark in cerrado forest, 130 m, 16°51’55” S, 39°24’54” W. Leg. M. Cáceres & A. Aptroot (no ISE48600), 18.02.2019, det. A. Aptroot, 2019.

Astrothelium megalostomum (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking, Lichenologist 48(6): 869 (2016)

= Campylothelium megalostomum (Vain.) Aptroot, Fungal Diversity 9: 29 (2002)

= Cryptothelium megalostomum (Vain.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lieh. Univers. 1: 522 (1922)

= Heufleria megalostoma Vain., Acta Soc. Fauna Flora fenn. 7(no. 2): 193 (1890)

Thallus corticate, light olive-green. Ascomata several chambers joined with eccentric, fused ostioles; erumpent, covered by thallus except dark ostiolar area. Hamathecium inspersed. Spores 2/ascus, densely muriform, 170–200 × 50–64 μm, hyaline to light brown, IKI-. Chemistry: thallus UV-, K-; ascomata UV+ yellow, with lichexanthone, K-.

[ABL41334], Brazil, Minas Gerais, Catas Altas, Serra do Caraça, Parque Natural Caraça near Funil, 1.5 km NW of monaster Santuário do Caraça, 1300 m, 10°06’ S, 43°29’ W, in secondary rain forest on tree. Leg. A. Aptroot (no 41334), 18.-21.09.1997, det. A. Aptroot. TOPOTYPE.

Astrothelium megaspermum (Mont.) Aptroot & Lücking, Lichenologist 48(6): 870 (2016)

= Bathelium megaspermum (Mont.) Trevis. (1861)

= Laurera megasperma (Mont.) Riddle, Bull. Torrey bot. Club 44(7): 323 (1917)

= Trypethelium megaspermum Mont., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 2 19: 68 (1843)

Thallus corticate, olive-green, smooth to uneven. Ascomata trypethelioid, with apical ostioles, solitary, 0.8–1.5 mm diam., prominent, hemsipherical with flattened top, covered by thallus except for dark ostiolar area surrounded by whitish rim. Hamathecium inspersed. Ascospores generally 4/ascus, densely muriform, oblong-fusiform, 140–220 × 30–75 μm, without distinctly thickened median septum, hyaline, IKI-. Chemistry: Thallus and ascomata UV-, K-. TLC: no substances detected.

[ABL78777], Brazil, Rio Negrinho, Rio Preto, Fazenda Velha, on tree in temperate rain forest, 26°17’57” S, 49°37’24” W, 800 m. Leg. A. Aptroot (no 78777), 31.03.2019, det. A. Aptroot, 2019.

Astrothelium megeustomum Aptroot & C.A.V. Fraga, in Aptroot, Mendonça, Andrade, Silva, Martins, Gumboski, Fraga Junior & Cáceres, Liehe-nologist 48(6): 718 (2016)

Thallus corticate, smooth, somewhat shiny, continuous, pale yellowish green, not surrounded by prothallus, not including gall formation of the host bark. Ascomata pyriform, 0.6–1.2 mm diam., mostly aggregated 2–5, mostly immersed in the bark tissue below pseudostromata with a surface not much different from the thallus, and which are distinctly raised above the thallus and mostly irregular in outline, not forming a network. Ostioles eccentric, fused, flat, pale brownish, white pruinose, surrounded by a whitish zone. Hamathecium not inspersed with oil globules. Ascospores hyaline, muriform, fusiform, 8/ascus, 117–125 × 17–21 μm, ends pointed, median septum thickened. Pycnidia not observed. Chemistry: Thallus surface UV–, thallus medulla K–: ostiolar region UV+ yellow. TLC: lichexanthone.

[ABL78779], Brazil, Sao Bento do Sul, CEPA Rugendas, on tree in temperate rain forest. 26°19’24” S, 49°18’26” W, 640 m. Leg. A. Aptroot (no 78779) 1.04.2019, det. A. Aptroot, 2019.

Astrothelium megeustomum Aptroot & C.A.V. Fraga, in Aptroot, Mendonça, Andrade, Silva, Martins, Gumboski, Fraga Junior & Cáceres, Liehenologist 48(6): 718 (2016)

Thallus corticate, smooth, somewhat shiny, continuous, covering areas ≤ 7 cm diam., c. 0.2 mm thick, pale yellowish green, not surrounded by prothallus, not inducing gall formation of the host bark. Ascomata pyriform, c. 0.6–1.2 mm diam., mostly aggregated 2–5, mostly immersed in the bark tissue below pseudostromata with a surface not much different from the thallus, and which are distinctly raised above the thallus and mostly irregular in outline, not forming a network. Wall carbonized, ≤ c. 80 μm thick. Ostioles eccentric, fused, flat, pale brownish, white-pruinose, surrounded by a whitish zone. Hamathecium not inspersed with oil globules. Asci with 8 ascospores. Ascospores hyaline, muriform, fusiform, 117–125 × 17–21 μm, ends pointed, surrounded by a gelatinous layer ≤ 10 μm thick, median septum thickened. Pycnidia not observed. Chemistry. Thallus surface UV–, thailus medulla K–; ostiolar region UV+ yellow. TLC: lichexanthone.

[Fraga840], Brazil, Paraná, Guaratuba, Brejatuba, c. 10 m, on tree bark in arboreal restinga. Leg. C.A.V. Fraga Junior (no 840), 8.05.2015, det. A. Apotroot. 2015. ISOTYPE.

Astrothelium megeustomurale M. Cáceres & Aptroot. Bryologist 120(2): 172 (2017)

Thallus dull, olivaceous green, not surrounded by a prothallus. Ascomata globose to pyriform, 0.5–0.8 mm diam., immersed in and below pseudostromata, in groups of 5–15. Pseudostroma slightly raised to flush with the thallus, c. 1–6 mm diam., irregularly ellipsoid to elongated or branched, occasionally forming a reticulum, ochraceous, internally not pigmented. Ostioles eccentric, fused, often crater-like depressed, black, up to 0.2 mm, surrounded by a c. 0.1 mm wide grey ring. Hamathecium not inspersed, IKI-. Ascospores 4/ascus, hyaline, regularly muriform, 15–17 × 5–9-septate, 95–120 × 30–33 μm, longellipsoid, with distinctly thickened median septum, not surrounded by a wide gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia not observed. Chemistry: Thallus UV–, C–, K–, KC–, P–; pseudostroma UV+ yellow, C–, P–, K–. TLC: Pseudostroma with lichexanthone.

[ISE28522], Brazil, Amazonas, Manaus, Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, along trails in vicinity of field station, 80 m, 2°56’ S, 59°57’ W, in primary rain forest on tree bark. Leg. M. Cáceres & A. Aptroot (no ISE 28522). 3–8.06.2016, det. A. Aptroot, 2016. ISOTYPE.

Astrothelium meiophorum (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking. Lichenologist 48(6): 870 (2016)

= Trypethelium annulare van meiophorum Nyl., Bull. Soc. linn. Normandie, sér. 2 2: 132 (1868)

= Trypethelium meiophorum (Nyl.) Müll. Arg., Hedwigia 31: 286 (1892)

= Trypethelium flavoalbum Makhia & Patw., J. Hattori Bot. Lab 73: 197 (1993)

Thallus corticate, pale olive-green to yellowish. Ascomata irregularly grouped to diffusely pseudostromatic, erumpent, covered by thallus except for broad dark ostiolar area. Hamathecium clear. Spores 3-8/ascus, 3–septate, 20–25 × 7–8 μm, hyaline, IKI-. Chemistry: thallus and ascomata UV-, K-. TLC: no lichen substances detected.

[AMH86697], India, Megahalya, near Sohararim. Leg. Patwardhan & Nagakar (AMH86697), 20.10.1977. Part of the HOLOTYPE of Trypethelium flavoalbum.

Astrothelium meiophorum (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking. Lichenologist 48(6): 870 (2016)

= Trypethelium annulare van meiophorum Nyl., Bull. Soc. linn. Normandie, sér. 2 2: 132 (1868)

= Trypethelium meiophorum (Nyl.) Müll. Arg., Hedwigia 31: 286 (1892)

= Trypethelium flavoalbum Makhia & Patw., J. Hattori Bot. Lab 73:197 (1993)

= Trypethelium parvicarpum Makhia & Patw., J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 73:205 (1993)

Thallus corticate, pale olive-green to yellowish. Ascomata irregularly grouped to diffusely pseudostromatic, erumpent, covered by thallus except for broad dark ostiolar area. Hamathecium clear. Spores 3-8/ascus, 3–septate, 20–25 × 7–8 μm, hyaline, IKI-. Chemistry: thallus and ascomata UV-, K-. TLC: no lichen substances detected.

[AMH87389], India, Nicobar Islands, Kamorta, Daring. Leg. Nagarkar & Patwardhan, (AMH87389), 18.01.1987. Part of the HOLOTYPE of Trypethelium parvicarpum.