The Social Movements Reader

List of Key Concepts and Chronologies viii

List of Activist Biographies ix

Part I Introduction 1

1 Editors’ Introduction 3
Jeff Goodwin and James M. Jasper

Part II When and Why Do Social Movements Occur? 9

2 The Women’s Movement 13
Jo Freeman

3 The Gay Liberation Movement 24
John D’Emilio

4 Occupy Wall Street 30
Ruth Milkman, Stephanie Luce, and Penny Lewis

5 The Egyptian Revolution 45
Manuel Castells

Part III Who Joins or Supports Movements? 53

6 The Free-Rider Problem 59
Mancur Olson

7 Recruits to Civil Rights Activism 65
Doug McAdam

8 Who Are the Radical Islamists? 76
Charles Kurzman

9 Women’s Mobilization into the Salvadoran Guerrilla Army 83
Jocelyn S. Viterna

Part IV Who Remains in Movements, Who Drops Out, and Why? 101

10 Generating Commitment among Students 105
Eric L. Hirsch

11 Sustaining Commitment among Radical Feminists 114
Nancy Whittier

12 True Believers and Charismatic Cults 126
Janja Lalich

13 Are Frames Enough? 136
Charlotte Ryan and William A. Gamson

14 The Emotional Benefits of Insurgency in El Salvador 143
Elisabeth Jean Wood

15 Classic Protest Songs: A List 153

Part V How Are Movements Organized? 155

16 Social Movement Organizations 159
John D. McCarthy and Mayer N. Zald

17 Transnational Environmental Activism 175
Paul Wapner

18 The Transnational Network for Democratic Globalization 184
Jackie Smith

19 Meeting Arenas 196
Christoph Haug

Part VI What Do Movements Do? 213

20 Tactical Innovation in the Civil Rights Movement 219
Aldon D. Morris

21 Armed Struggle in the South African Anti-Apartheid Movement 224
Gay Seidman

22 Suicide Bombing 239
Robert J. Brym

23 Everyday Life, Routine Politics, and Protest 246
Javier Auyero

24 The Emotion Work of Movements 254
Deborah B. Gould

25 Tactical Repertoires: Same-Sex Weddings 266
Verta Taylor, Katrina Kimport, Nella Van Dyke, and Ellen Ann Andersen

Part VII How Do Movements Interact with Other Players? 283

26 Farmworkers’ Movements in Changing Political Contexts 287
J. Craig Jenkins and Charles Perrow

27 Movements in the Media 302
Edwin Amenta, Neal Caren, Sheera Joy Olasky, and James E. Stobaugh

28 What Shapes the West’s Human Rights Focus? 317
James Ron, Howard Ramos, and Kathleen Rodgers

29 The Quest for International Allies 325
Clifford Bob

30 Global Corporations, Global Unions 335
Stephen Lerner

Part VIII Why Do Movements Decline? 343

31 The Decline of the Women’s Movement 347
Barbara Epstein

32 The Dilemmas of Identity Politics 354
Joshua Gamson

33 The Repression/Protest Paradox in Central America 363
Charles D. Brockett

34 Counterinsurgency 370
Ian Roxborough

Part IX What Changes Do Movements Bring About? 379

35 Defining Movement “Success” 383
William A. Gamson

36 How Social Movements Matter 386
David S. Meyer

37 Environmental Justice 391
David Naguib Pellow and Robert J. Brulle

38 Understanding Revolutions: The Arab Uprisings 398
Jack A. Goldstone

39 Why Nonviolence Sometimes Fails: China in 1989 405
Sharon Erickson Nepstad

References for Part Introductions and Key Concepts 416

Index 419