About the Authors v
Acknowledgments xi
Introduction xiii
Bonus Web Content xiv
PART ONE: GETTING STARTED WITH ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS 1
1. ESL Instruction: The Big Picture 3
Some Facts About the ELL Population 5
A Primer on ESL Research 7
A Quick Tour of ESL Best Practices 10
2. ESL Classroom Basics: Building a Positive and Effective Learning Environment 13
The First R: Building Relationships 14
The Second R: Resources in the ESL Classroom 26
The Third R: Establishing Routines 32
PART TWO: TEACHING BEGINNING ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS 37
3. Key Elements of a Curriculum for Beginning ELLs 39
Key Elements of a Curriculum
4. Daily Instruction for Beginning ELLs 71
Reflection 71
Homework 74
Field Trips 82
Assessment 83
PictureWord Inductive Model Unit Plan 85
A SampleWeek in a Two-Period Beginning ESL Class 88
Year-Long Schedule 92
Other Activities 113
PART THREE: TEACHING INTERMEDIATE ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS 121
5. Key Elements of a Curriculum for Intermediate ELLs 123
Key Elements of a Curriculum 124
6. Daily Instruction for Intermediate ELLs 149
Reflection 149
Homework 150
Field Trips 150
Assessment 153
A Sample Unit: Problem-Solution 153
A SampleWeek in a Two-Period Intermediate ESL Class 180
Inductive Lesson Plan 184
Using Text to Generate AnalyticalWriting Lesson Plan 191
Other Activities 198
PART FOUR: TEACHING ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS IN THE CONTENT AREAS 203
7. English Language Learners in the Mainstream Classroom 205
What Is the Organizing Cycle? 206
8. Teaching Social Studies 215
Building Relationships with Students 215
9. Teaching Science 223
One Size Does Not Fit All 223
Building Relationships with Students and Accessing Prior Knowledge 224
Identifying and Mentoring Students’ Leadership Potential 225
Learning by Doing 227
Reflection 227
An Important Final Note 228
10. Teaching Math 229
Making Math Relevant 229
Building Relationships with Students and Accessing Prior Knowledge 230
Identifying and Mentoring Students’ Leadership Potential and Learning by Doing 232
Reflection 235
PART FIVE: FURTHER STRATEGIES TO ENSURE SUCCESS 237
11. Using Learning Games in the ESL Classroom 239
Research Support 240
What Are the Qualities of a Good Learning Game? 240
12. Handling Potential Challenges 249
Student Motivation 250
The Advantages of Being Bilingual orMultilingual Lesson Plan 251
The Qualities of a Successful Language Learner Lesson Plan 257
Textbook Integration 264
Error Correction 265
Limited Access to Educational Technology 266
Multilevel Classes 267
Primary Language Use in the ESL Classroom 270
Classroom Management 271
Book Selection 272
13. Assessing English Language Learners 275
Assessing ELLs: Key Principles 276
Afterword 291
Notes 293
Index 313