Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Preface to the Second Edition
About the Companion Website
1 Introduction to Physics
1.1 Speed and Velocity
1.2 Acceleration
1.3 Mass
1.4 Gravitation
1.5 Weight
1.6 Volume
1.7 Density
1.8 Specific Gravity
1.9 Newton’s First Law of Motion
1.10 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
1.11 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
1.12 Friction
1.13 Work
1.14 Energy
1.15 Power
Exercise 1.1
Reference/Further Reading
2 Introduction to Chemistry
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Electrovalency and Covalency
2.3 Elements and Compounds
2.4 Symbols and Formulae
2.5 Acids and Bases
Exercise 2.1
References/Further Reading
3 Effects of Chemicals and the Atmosphere on Materials
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Oxidation
3.3 Electrolysis
3.4 Electrolytic Corrosion
3.5 Applications of Electrolysis
3.6 Acid Rain
References/Further Reading
4 Electricity
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Coulomb’s Law
4.3 Electric Current
4.4 Potential Difference
4.5 Electromotive Force (e.m.f.)
4.6 Ohm’s Law
4.7 Electrical Resistivity and Conductivity
4.8 Resistors in Series/Parallel
4.9 Transformers
4.10 Power Generation
4.11 Power Distribution
4.12 Supply to Small Buildings
Exercise 4.1
Reference/Further Reading
5 Introduction to Construction Technology
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Substructure and Superstructure
5.3 Foundations
5.4 Forms of Construction
5.5 The External Envelope
References/Further Reading
6 Introduction to Building Services
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Cold Water Supply
6.3 Hot Water Supply
6.4 Central Heating Systems
6.5 Underfloor Heating Systems
6.6 Drainage Systems
6.7 Integration of Services into Building Design
References/Further Reading
7 Thermal Energy 1
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Temperature
7.3 Units of Heat
7.4 States of Matter
7.5 Expansion and Contraction of Solids
7.6 Heat Transfer
Exercise 7.1
References/Further Reading
8 Thermal Energy 2 (Including Humidity)
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Thermal Insulation
8.3 Heat Transmission
8.4 Thermal Transmittance
8.5 Heat Loss from Buildings
8.6 Temperature Drop Through Materials
8.7 Humidity
8.8 Condensation
Exercise 8.1
References/Further Reading
9 Forces and Structures 1
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Force
9.3 Bending
9.4 Types of Loading
9.5 Stress and Strain
9.6 Elasticity
Exercise 9.1
References/Further Reading
10 Forces and Structures 2
10.1 Moment of a Force
10.2 Laws of Equilibrium
10.3 Analysis of Beams
10.4 Triangle of Forces
Exercise 10.1
References/Further Reading
11 Forces and Structures 3
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Beams
11.3 Reinforced Concrete (R.C.) Beams
11.4 Steel Beams
11.5 Timber Joists
11.6 Slabs
11.7 Columns
11.8 Foundations
References/Further Reading
12 Fluid Mechanics
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Pressure of Fluids at Rest
12.3 Why do Liquids Flow?
12.4 Centre of Pressure
12.5 The Flow of a Fluid
Exercise 12.1
References/Further Reading
13 Sound
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Frequency, Wavelength and Velocity of Sound
13.3 Measurement of Sound
13.4 Addition of Sound Levels
13.5 Transmission of Sound in Buildings
13.6 Sound Absorption
13.7 Sound‐level Meter
Exercise 13.1
References/Further Reading
14 Light
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Additive and Subtractive Colours
14.3 Measuring Light
14.4 Inverse Square Law of Illuminance
14.5 Lambert’s Cosine Law of Illuminance
14.6 Lamps and Luminaires
14.7 Design of Interior Lighting
14.8 Light Meter
14.9 Daylighting
Exercise 14.1
References/Further Reading
15 Human Comfort
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Temperature
15.3 Air Movement
15.4 Humidity
15.5 Ventilation
15.6 Predicted Mean Vote
15.7 Noise
15.8 Lighting
References/Further Reading
16 Construction Materials
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Bricks
16.3 Aerated Concrete Blocks
16.4 Cement
16.5 Concrete
16.6 Metals
16.7 Timber
16.8 Plastics
16.9 Glass
References/Further Reading
17 Assignments
17.1 Assignments for Level 2 Courses
17.2 Assignments for Level 3/4 Courses
Appendix 1: Formulae for Example 8.2
Appendix 2: Solutions for Example 13.10
Appendix 3: Answers to Exercises
Answers to Exercise 1.1
Answers to Exercise 2.1
Answers to Exercise 4.1
Answers to Exercise 7.1
Answers to Exercise 8.1
Answers to Exercise 9.1
Answers to Exercise 10.1
Answers to Exercise 12.1
Answers to Exercise 13.1
Answers to Exercise 14.1
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 01
Table 1.1
Table 1.2
Chapter 02
Table 2.1 Atomic numbers of some elements.
Table 2.2
Table 2.3 Symbols of elements.
Table 2.4
Table 2.5
Table 2.6
Chapter 03
Table 3.1 Effect of the atmosphere on some metals.
Table 3.2 The electrochemical series.
Chapter 04
Table 4.1 Electrical resistivity for some metals/materials.
Table 4.2
Chapter 05
Table 5.1 Typical values of bearing capacity.
Chapter 07
Table 7.1 Coefficients of linear expansion.
Table 7.2
Table 7.3 Thermal conductivity of some building materials.
Chapter 08
Table 8.1 Thermal conductivity of some building materials.
Table 8.2
Table 8.3 Standard thermal resistances.
Table 8.4
Table 8.5 Recommended allowances for air infiltration.
Table 8.6 Heat output of compact radiators.
Table 8.7 Relative humidity (%).
Table 8.8 Saturated vapour pressure.
Table 8.9 Typical values of vapour resistivity/resistance.
Chapter 09
Table 9.1
Chapter 10
Table 10.1
Chapter 11
Table 11.1 Effective length for compression members.
Chapter 13
Table 13.1 Velocity of sound.
Table 13.2
Table 13.3 Absorption coefficients.
Chapter 14
Table 14.1 Reflectance of building materials.
Table 14.2 Maintained illuminance. Reproduced by permission of CIBSE.
Table 14.3 Utilisation factors for 664 × 599 mm recessed modular luminaires (Quattro C Body 4 × 18 W T26 lamps. Flux = 1350 lumens/lamp).
Table 14.4 Utilisation factors for 610 × 600 mm recessed modular luminaires (Quattro T Body 2 × 40 W TC‐L lamps. Flux = 3500 lumens/lamp).
Table 14.5 Utilisation factors for 610 × 600 mm recessed modular luminaires (Quattro T Body 2 × 34 W TC‐L lamps. Flux = 2800 lumens/lamp).
Table 14.6 Utilisation factors for 1515 × 217 × 90 mm surface‐mounted and suspended fluorescent luminaires (College 2 × 49 W T16 lamps. Flux = 4350 lumens/lamp).
Table 14.7 Utilisation factors for 597 x 597 x 63 recessed modular luminaires (Elevation LED 3700 HFLI MPT 37 W lamps. Flux = 3700 lumens/lamp). Reproduced by permission of Thorn Lighting Company.
Table 14.8 Typical values of LLMF. Reproduced by permission of CIBSE.
Table 14.9 Typical values of LMF. Reproduced by permission of CIBSE.
Table 14.10 Typical values of RSMF. Reproduced by permission of CIBSE.
Table 14.11 Luminaire categories and environmental conditions. Reproduced by permission of CIBSE.
Chapter 15
Table 15.1 Typical dry resultant temperatures.
Table 15.2 Extract ventilation rates.
Table 15.3 Recommended maximum noise levels.
Chapter 16
Table 16.1
Table 16.2 Properties of the main constituents of cement.
Table 16.3
Table 16.4 Comparison of some properties of mild steel, aluminium and copper.
List of Illustrations
Chapter 01
Figure 1.1
Figure 1.2
Figure 1.3
Figure 1.4 Dynamic compaction.
Chapter 02
Figure 2.1
Figure 2.2
Figure 2.3 Electron configuration of aluminium.
Figure 2.4 Electron configuration of (a) carbon; (b) oxygen; and (c) calcium.
Figure 2.5 Formation of compound potassium chloride.
Figure 2.6 Covalent bond.
Figure 2.7
Figure 2.8
Chapter 03
Figure 3.1 Oxidation (rusting) of iron nails in: (a) water and air; (b) boiled water; (c) dry air.
Figure 3.2
Figure 3.3
Figure 3.4 The simple cell.
Figure 3.5
Figure 3.6 Impressed current cathodic protection.
Figure 3.7 Electroplating.
Figure 3.8 Electrolysis of bauxite.
Chapter 04
Figure 4.1
Figure 4.2 Rheostat
Figure 4.3
Figure 4.4
Figure 4.5 Resistors in series.
Figure 4.6 Resistors in parallel.
Figure 4.7
Figure 4.8
Figure 4.9 Transformer.
Figure 4.10 (a) Step‐up and (b) step‐down transformers.
Figure 4.11 Distribution of electricity.
Figure 4.12 Alternating current.
Figure 4.13 Domestic electric installation.
Figure 4.14
Chapter 05
Figure 5.1 Vertical stress under foundations: (a) under a strip foundation; (b) under a pad foundation.
Figure 5.2 Strip foundations.
Figure 5.3 Reinforced concrete raft foundation.
Figure 5.4 Pad foundation.
Figure 5.5 Cellular construction.
Figure 5.6 Cross‐wall construction.
Figure 5.7 Framed construction.
Figure 5.8 Portal frames.
Figure 5.9 Transfer of load from superstructure to substructure.
Figure 5.10 Cavity wall.
Figure 5.11 Suspended timber upper floor.
Figure 5.12 Roof shapes.
Figure 5.13 Structural forms of roofs.
Chapter 06
Figure 6.1 Water supply to a dwelling and indirect cold water system.
Figure 6.2 Hot water (indirect) system.
Figure 6.3 Two‐pipe semi gravity system.
Figure 6.4 Wet underfloor heating system.
Figure 6.5 Below‐ground drainage systems.
Figure 6.6 Protection of drains penetrating walls.
Figure 6.7 Primary ventilated stack system.
Figure 6.8 Integration of building services.
Chapter 07
Figure 7.1 (a) Mercury and (b) electronic thermometers.
Figure 7.2
Figure 7.3 Heating curve for ice.
Figure 7.4 Determination of linear expansion.
Figure 7.5 Joints in concrete roads: (a) a contraction joint; (b) an expansion joint.
Figure 7.6 Bridge bearings.
Figure 7.7 Thermostat.
Figure 7.8
Figure 7.9 Comparison of thermal conductivities.
Figure 7.10 Transfer of heat by convection.
Figure 7.11 Convection currents in a hot water system.
Chapter 08
Figure 8.1 Typical heat loss for an uninsulated single‐glazed house.
Figure 8.2
Figure 8.3
Figure 8.4
Figure 8.5 Cross‐section of a cavity wall.
Figure 8.6
Figure 8.7
Figure 8.8 Structural temperature profile (or gradient).
Figure 8.9 (a) Whirling hygrometer; (b) Regnault’s hygrometer.
Figure 8.10 Electronic hygrometer.
Figure 8.11 Condensation.
Figure 8.12 The psychrometric chart.
Figure 8.13
Figure 8.14
Figure 8.15
Chapter 09
Figure 9.1 Types of force.
Figure 9.2 Internal and external forces.
Figure 9.3 Deflection of a simply supported beam.
Figure 9.4 Failure of beams in shear.
Figure 9.5 Deflection in cantilevers and beams with fixed ends.
Figure 9.6
Figure 9.7 Types of loading.
Figure 9.8 Section through a cavity wall.
Figure 9.9 Timber floor.
Figure 9.10 Proof of Hooke’s law by loading a spring.
Figure 9.11
Figure 9.12 Stress–strain relationship for mild steel.
Figure 9.13 Shape of samples after failure.
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1
Figure 10.2
Figure 10.3 Rotational tendency due to 5 kN force.
Figure 10.4
Figure 10.5
Figure 10.6
Figure 10.7 Simply supported beam.
Figure 10.8
Figure 10.9
Figure 10.10
Figure 10.11 Rotational tendency of the forces about B.
Figure 10.12 Rotational tendency of the forces about A.
Figure 10.13
Figure 10.14 U.d.l. converted into a point load.
Figure 10.15 Beam failure due to shear force.
Figure 10.16
Figure 10.17
Figure 10.18
Figure 10.19
Figure 10.20
Figure 10.21
Figure 10.22
Figure 10.23
Figure 10.24 Bending moment at C.
Figure 10.25 Bending moment at D.
Figure 10.26 Bending moment at E.
Figure 10.27 Bending moment at B.
Figure 10.28
Figure 10.29
Figure 10.30
Figure 10.31
Figure 10.32 Bow’s notation.
Figure 10.33
Figure 10.35
Figure 10.36
Figure 10.34
Figure 10.37
Figure 10.38
Figure 10.39
Figure 10.40
Figure 10.41
Figure 10.42
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1
Figure 11.2 Vertical shear in beams.
Figure 11.3 Horizontal shear in beams.
Figure 11.4 Horizontal and vertical shear in beams.
Figure 11.5 Cracks in concrete beams due to shear.
Figure 11.6 Deflection.
Figure 11.7 Lateral buckling in beams.
Figure 11.8 R.C. beam.
Figure 11.9 Steel reinforcement to resist tensile stress.
Figure 11.10 Shear reinforcement.
Figure 11.11 Structural steel sections.
Figure 11.12 Lever arm in beams.
Figure 11.13 Failure of structural steel sections.
Figure 11.14
Figure 11.15 Failure due to shear.
Figure 11.16 Variation in timber strength.
Figure 11.17 Failure in timber joists.
Figure 11.18 Solid timber strutting.
Figure 11.19 One‐way concrete slab.
Figure 11.20 Flat slab floor.
Figure 11.21
Figure 11.22 Effective length of columns.
Figure 11.23 Eccentricity of column load.
Figure 11.24 Structural steel sections for columns.
Figure 11.25 Typical reinforcement in R.C. columns.
Figure 11.26 Strip foundation.
Figure 11.27 Failure in shear.
Figure 11.28 Bending in concrete strip foundation.
Figure 11.29 Wide strip foundation.
Figure 11.30 Pad foundation.
Figure 11.31 Combined column rectangular foundation.
Figure 11.32 Combined column trapezoidal foundation.
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1
Figure 12.2 Variation of liquid pressure with depth.
Figure 12.3 Concrete dam.
Figure 12.4
Figure 12.5 Molecular arrangement (2D) in (a) a solid; (b) a liquid; (c) a gas.
Figure 12.6 Centre of pressure.
Figure 12.7
Figure 12.8 (a) Laminar and (b) turbulent flow.
Figure 12.9 Flow through pipework with two cross‐sections.
Figure 12.10
Figure 12.11 Total energy of liquid flow in pipework.
Figure 12.12
Figure 12.13 Venturimeter.
Figure 12.14 Flow in an open channel.
Figure 12.15 Gradient of a channel.
Figure 12.16
Figure 12.17
Figure 12.18
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1
Figure 13.2 Addition of decibel levels.
Figure 13.3
Figure 13.4
Figure 13.5
Figure 13.6
Figure 13.7
Figure 13.8 Raking of rows of seats to give an unobstructed path for direct sound.
Figure 13.9 Sound paths in a room.
Figure 13.10
Figure 13.11
Figure 13.12
Figure 13.13 Sound‐level meter.
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 Electromagnetic spectrum.
Figure 14.2 Dispersion of light.
Figure 14.3
Figure 14.4 The radian
Figure 14.5 The steradian.
Figure 14.6 The lumen.
Figure 14.7 Summary of definitions.
Figure 14.8 Inverse square law.
Figure 14.9 Cosine law of illuminance.
Figure 14.10
Figure 14.11
Figure 14.12 Lamps and luminaires.
Figure 14.13
Figure 14.14 Reflection of light.
Figure 14.15 Spacing of 600 × 600 mm modular luminaires (shaded squares).
Figure 14.16 Spacing of 1515 × 217 mm modular luminaires.
Figure 14.17 Light meter.
Figure 14.18
Figure 14.19 Components of the daylight factor.
Figure 14.20 Daylight factor contours.
Figure 14.21 Visible sky angle.
Figure 14.22
Chapter 15
Figure 15.1 Thermoregulation.
Figure 15.2 Globe thermometer.
Figure 15.3
Figure 15.4 (a) Noise criterion curves; (b) noise rating curves. Reproduced by permission of CIBSE.
Chapter 16
Figure 16.1 Brick manufacturing process.
Figure 16.2 Brick spalling.
Figure 16.3 Brick efflorescence.
Figure 16.4 Cement manufacturing process.
Figure 16.5
Figure 16.6 Blast furnace.
Figure 16.7 Cross‐section of a tree trunk.
Figure 16.8 Glass manufacturing process.
Chapter 17
Figure 17.1
Figure 17.2
Figure 17.3
Appendix 3
Figure A8.1‐1
Figure A9.1‐1
Figure A10.1‐1
Figure A10.1‐2
Figure A10.1‐3
Figure A10.1‐4
Figure A10.1‐5
Figure A10.1‐6
Guide
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