Introducing Global Health: Practice, Policy, and Solutions

Figures and Tables ix

The Authors xiii

Introduction: An Overview of Global Health xv

Part 1 The Basics of Global Health 1

1 A Very Brief History of Global Health Policy 3

Key Ideas 3

Health and Public Policy Through the Twentieth Century 4

The Age of Global Health Policy 11

The Fall of Global Governance 16

The Millennium Development Goals 19

An Alternative History 21

Love and Health in Modern Times 25

Summary 27

Key Terms 27

Discussion Questions 27

Further Reading 28

References 28

2 Case Studies in Development and Health 31

Key Ideas 31

The Puzzle of “Good” Development for Health 33

The Next Superpowers? Taking a Closer Look at Middle-Income Countries 37

Growth-Mediated Models 40

Support-Led Models 41

Toward a Happy Medium? 43

China’s Explosive Growth 45

Kerala’s Quality of Life 49

Chile Aims for a Balancing Act 52

Summary 56

Key Terms 56

Discussion Questions 56

Further Reading 57

References 57

Part 2 Global Health and the Art of Policy Making 61

3 The Global Burden of Disease 63

Key Ideas 63

Who Dies Where? 64

Counting Global Deaths (with an Eye Toward Saving Lives) 69

Dead Children Make for Bad Statistics 73

The Health Effects of Evil Genies 74

Quantifying the Global Burden of Disease 77

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis 81

Summary 83

Key Terms 84

Discussion Questions 84

Further Reading 84

References 84

4 Aid 87

Key Ideas 87

Different Types of Aid 88

The Aid Controversy 91

Models of Global Aid for Public Health 92

Argument: Aid Is Harmful 95

Argument: Aid Is Poorly Managed 97

Argument: Aid Is Misused 99

Argument: “Aid” Further Consolidates Power for the Powerful 101

Argument: All Is Well, Just Send More 102

Argument: We Are Making Progress, But the Hurdles Are High 102

Summary 104

Key Terms 105

Discussion Questions 105

Further Reading 106

References 106

5 Health Systems 109

Key Ideas 109

Health Care Delivery Systems 111

Health Care Payments 114

Health Care Markets 116

Health Care Delivery Systems in High-Income Countries 117

Health Care Delivery Systems in Low- and Middle-Income Countries 124

Pharmaceutical Spending 132

What Makes Us Healthy? 134

Summary 138

Key Terms 138

Discussion Questions 139

Further Reading 139

References 139

6 Social Policy and Global Health 143

Key Ideas 143

How Policies Are Made 144

Political Economy and Health 151

Lessons for Health-Optimizing Social Policies 164

Summary 165

Key Terms 166

Discussion Questions 166

Further Reading 166

References 166

7 A Closer Look at Three Political Economies: China, Kerala, and Chile 169

Key Ideas 169

China: Sustainable State of Development? 170

Kerala: Experiments with Radical Decentralization 176

Chile: A Precarious Third Way 181

Summary 190

Discussion Questions 190

Further Reading 191

References 191

8 Global Governance and Health 193

Key Ideas 193

The World Health Organization 194

The World Trade Organization 197

An Evolution of Global Governance 200

Summary 208

Key Terms 209

Discussion Questions 209

Further Reading 209

References 210

Part 3 Key Challenges in Global Health 213

9 Poverty 215

Key Ideas 215

Income and Health Across Nations 216

Definitions of Poverty 218

Why Do We Worry About Poverty in Public Health? 222

Poverty in Less-Developed Nations 228

Poverty and Health Among Wealthy Nations 232

The Complexities of Poverty 240

Summary 240

Key Terms 241

Discussion Questions 241

Further Reading 241

References 241

10 The Physical Environment and Disease 245

Key Ideas 245

Infectious Disease and Development 246

Malaria and Other Mosquito-Borne Illnesses 251

Air Pollution and Health 255

Outer-Ring Development and Health259

Climate Change and Health 262

Summary 267

Key Terms 267

Discussion Questions 267

Further Reading 268

References 268

11 The Social Environment and Disease 271

Key Ideas 271

The Ultimate Trifecta: Race, Class, and Gender 272

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) 282

Tuberculosis 286

Social Networks and Chronic Disease 289

Individual Risk Behaviors, Urban Planning, and Health 292

Summary 297

Key Terms 297

Discussion Questions 298

Further Reading 298

References 298

12 Globalization, Internal Conflict, and the Resource Curse 303

Key Ideas 303

Globalization and Health 303

Spillover Effects of Poor Global Governance 307

Civil Conflict as a Public Health Problem 308

Resource Curses and Civil Conflict 310

Natural Resources and Civil War 316

Summary 319

Key Terms 320

Discussion Questions 320

Further Reading 321

References 321

13 Frontiers in Global Health 325

Key Ideas 325

The Many Levels of Health 328

Tidings, Good or Bad, Come in Clusters 331

Working with the System 333

A Rise in Targeted Social Policy Interventions 338

Innovations in Administration and Governance 347

Lessons on Social Policy Interventions 349

Summary 349

Key Terms 350

Discussion Questions 350

Further Reading 350

References 351

Index 357