I CANNOT REMEMBER exactly when it was that I first started collecting foreign eyewitness accounts of the Russian Revolution of 1917, but my interest mushroomed during my days as a freelance copy editor in the 1990s. At the time, I was handling a lot of history manuscripts and it struck me how much seemed to have been written about the revolution by Russians, but how relatively little I had come across that was said by those many non-Russians who, for various reasons, were stranded in the city that year. I knew there had to be more to the story than just the over-hyped account of the one man, John Reed, who had always seemed to dominate, with his Ten Days that Shook the World.
I also knew there had to be plenty of women, aside from Reed’s partner Louise Bryant, who had watched events unfold. And what about all those other journalists, not to mention the diplomats, businessmen, industrialists, nurses and doctors, aid workers and the wives and children they often took with them? What about the British governesses and nannies who, I knew, were well in evidence in Russia at the time? I was aware that the capital had had a thriving British colony going back to the eighteenth century (as, too, had Moscow) and that the Leeds Russian Archive at my old university held some fascinating material on some of them.
So, beginning with the people I had gathered at the LRA, I began to seek out other lost and forgotten eyewitnesses of Petrograd in 1917, in particular from the American and French diplomatic communities. Along the way I picked up an assortment of other nationalities, and an interest that had begun as something of a hobby grew into a serious pursuit. Ten years ago I realised there might be a book in it. But I had to bide my time, because I knew that the best possible moment for such a book would be the centenary of the revolution in 2017.
In the course of my happy but increasingly obsessive collecting of people who had witnessed the convulsions in Petrograd, many friends – old and newly acquired – helped along the way by offering suggestions, seeking out material for me and helping me track down some of my more stubborn subjects. I am most grateful to all of them, for the many and varied ways in which they contributed to the writing of this book, as follows: my fellow Russianists Doug Smith and Simon Sebag Montefiore for a dialogue on Russia, the Romanovs and much sage advice; my good friend Candace Metz-Longinette Gahring in St Louis for helping me access documents in the Missouri archives and elsewhere; Roger Watson for filling me in on the cameras used by Donald Thompson; Mark Anderson of the Chicago Public Library, a genius at winkling out difficult-to-find articles from old magazines; Ilana Miller for doing likewise in California; Marianne Kouwenhoven for help with tracking down Belgian and Dutch diplomats; Ken Hawkins for kindly sharing his thesis on Arno Dosch-Fleurot; Amy Ballard at the Smithsonian; and Griffith Henniger, Henry Hardy, June Purvis, Jane Wickenden and William Lee for their helpful contributions.
My special thanks must go to Harvey Pitcher, author of Witnesses of the Russian Revolution (John Murray, 1994), who offered valuable advice when I visited him in Norwich and most generously passed on all his research material to me; to Sue Woolmans for checking out material held in the BBC Radio archives and being such a stalwart friend and supporter of my work; to film historian Dr David Mould at Ohio University for sharing both his knowledge of Donald Thompson and an ongoing and stubborn desire to track down Thompson’s lost films; to the stalwart Phil Tomaselli for once again providing scans of sources at the National Archives; to Charles Bangham and Brian Brooks for sharing their family memoir of Edith Kerby; and to John Carter for letting me see his grand father Bousfield Swan Lombard’s letters from Petrograd. I also owe a huge thank-you to my friend David Holohan for his excellent translations of French eyewitness material and for photocopying some hard-to-find sources for me in London. Finally, once more I am deeply grateful to Rudy de Casseres in Finland, a superb Russianist, who read and commented on the text and helped me obtain some important research material in Russian, checking through many issues of the newspaper Novoe vremya for material for me – a task that defeated my eyesight.
In order to offer new insights on the revolution from previously uncited sources, I searched long and hard in forgotten books and online library and archive catalogues and was gratified to uncover a wealth of new material, particularly in US archives. Sadly, I was not able to use it all, but I would like to express my gratitude to the following archives and archivists for the material with which they so promptly and generously provided me: the Falers Library & Special Collections, New York; the Indiana Historical Society; the State Historical Society of Missouri and the Missouri History Museum, St Louis; the Library of Congress; the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University, and Harvard University Archives. In California, Ron Basich once more sought out sources for me at the Hoover Institution and arranged for photocopies and scans. In all cases every attempt has been made to contact copyright holders for permission to quote material held in these archives.
During the writing of Caught in the Revolution I drew on a wealth of other material held in archives in the USA, which, although not quoted in this book, provided very useful background, and my thanks are due to: Carole Hsin at Yale; Robin Carlaw at Harvard; Dale Stieber at Occidental College; Lee Grady at the Wisconsin Historical Society; Karen Kukil at Smith College; Thomas Whittaker at the University of Chicago Library; and Tanya Chebotarev at the Bakhmeteff Archive.
In the UK I am deeply indebted to my friend and fellow Russianist, Richard Davies, archivist of the Leeds Russian Archive for his considerable and unflagging support in this project, and for his patience and good humour in sorting out a long request list of sources that I wished to consult when I visited, and for his continuing sage advice. Richard’s dedicated work at the LRA over many years has ensured that this wonderful resource now holds a unique place in the UK for those researching the British in Russia before the revolution, and I would like to take this opportunity to urge anyone holding such family papers to consider donating them to it. All LRA sources quoted are with the kind permission of rights owners, where it has been possible to trace them. My thanks also must go to the Arthur Ransome Literary Estate; to Bridget Gillies and the University of East Anglia for the use of material from the wonderful Jessie Kenney archive; to the John Rylands Library and the University of Manchester; the National Library of Wales for Sir George Bury’s 1917 report; Peter Rogers at the Stewart Museum, Burnby Hall; and the National Archives and the Imperial War Museum for access to manuscripts that they hold. There is a wealth of untapped material in the BBC Radio 4 archives dating back to the 1950s, and in its TV archives as well. I am grateful to Vicky Mitchell and to the BBC Radio Archives for permission to quote from the Louisette Andrews TV interview. I should also like to make a particular point of singling out the valuable leads I gained from Lyubov Ginzburg’s fascinating thesis ‘Confronting the Cold War Legacy: The Forgotten History of the American Colony in St Petersburg’ (University of Kansas, 2010), which pointed me in the direction of one of the heroes of my book – Leighton Rogers.
My thanks are also due to David Mould for sharing photographs of Donald Thompson; to Amanda Claunch at the Missouri History Museum for providing photographs of David R. Francis and Philip Jordan; to Ulysses Dietz for a photograph of his great-aunt Julia Cantacuzène-Speransky and to Bruce Kirby at the Library of Congress for seeking out and providing a scan of a much sought-after photograph of Leighton Rogers.
As always, dedicated editorial and publicity teams were involved in the production of this book on both sides of the Atlantic. In the UK, Jocasta Hamilton, Sarah Rigby, Najma Finlay, Richard T. Kelly and the team at Hutchinson all offered unfailing commitment to, and encouragement in, the research and writing of this book. Richard has been a first-class editor and I am most grateful for his sensitive response to the manuscript and to what I was trying to achieve. My thanks also go to my diligent copy editor Mandy Greenfield and proof reader Mary Chamberlain.
In New York, my dear friend Charlie Spicer at St Martin’s Press has remained a stalwart ally and advocate of my work. This has been our fifth book together and I truly value his guiding hand. I am also grateful to April Osborn, Karlyn Hixson, Kathryn Hough and the tremendously hard-working PR and marketing team at St Martin’s Press for their commitment and indomitable energy.
Throughout the research and writing of Caught in the Revolution I had the unfailing encouragement of my family and also a wonderful agent, to whom this book is dedicated. Caroline Michel at Peters, Fraser & Dunlop has been a true friend, wise counsel and advocate from the moment I joined the agency and I count myself enormously lucky to have her representing my work. But I also enjoy the valuable support of Rachel Mills, Alexandra Cliff, Marilia Savvides and the Foreign Rights team at PFD, who work so hard at selling my books in other markets. Jon Fowler and James Carroll have also been great friends and supporters of my public speaking and my work in broadcast media.
I always find it very difficult to let go of my subjects at the end of any book. The colourful cast of characters in Caught in the Revolution has lived in my head for the last three years – some of them for far longer – and they have left an indelible impression on me. They have also left me frustrated, because I want to find out more about their time in Russia and their lives after they left. With this is mind, I would be delighted to hear from any descendants or relatives of any of my subjects, who might hold letters, photographs or other material relating to their time in Petrograd in 1917. I can be contacted via my agents, Peters, Fraser & Dunlop at www.petersfraserdunlop.com or my own website, www.helenrappaport.com.
It goes without saying that I would also be thrilled to hear from anyone with material relating to this story, written by people who were there, but about whom I do not know! Finally, and most particularly, I would dearly love to see any other letters written from Russia by Philip Jordan, or to hear from anyone with further memories of him or his life. The ultimate serendipity would be to rediscover a complete copy of Donald Thompson’s 1919 silent film The German Curse in Russia, which I fear has, sadly, long since been lost. But I live in hope.
Helen Rappaport
West Dorset, 2016
No Place for Ladies
Joseph Stalin
An Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers
Queen Victoria
Ekaterinburg
Conspirator
Beautiful for Ever
Magnificent Obsession
Four Sisters
With William Horwood
Dark Hearts of Chicago
With Roger Watson
Capturing the Light
Helen Rappaport is an historian and Russianist with specialisms in the Victorians and revolutionary Russia.
Her books include No Place for Ladies: The Untold Story of Women in the Crimean War, Ekaterinburg: The Last Days of the Romanovs, Beautiful For Ever: Madame Rachel of Bond Street – Cosmetician, Con-Artist and Blackmailer, Magnificent Obsession: Victoria, Albert and the Death that Changed the Monarchy; Four Sisters: The Lost Lives of the Romanov Grand Duchesses and Caught in the Revolution: Petrograd, 1917. A fluent Russian speaker, she has translated many classic Russian plays (including all of Chekhov’s) and was historical consultant to Tom Stoppard’s National Theatre trilogy The Coast of Utopia (2002). She is also a frequent contributor to television and radio documentaries, most recently Russia’s Lost Princesses (BBC2, 2014). She lives in West Dorset.
Caught in the Revolution is Helen Rappaport’s masterful telling of the outbreak of the Russian Revolution through eye-witness accounts left by foreign nationals who saw the drama unfold.
Between the first revolution in February 1917 and Lenin’s Bolshevik coup in October, Petrograd (the former St Petersburg) was in turmoil – felt nowhere more keenly than on the fashionable Nevsky Prospekt where the foreign visitors and diplomats who filled hotels, clubs, bars and embassies were acutely aware of the chaos breaking out on their doorsteps and beneath their windows.
Among this disparate group were journalists, businessmen, bankers, governesses, volunteer nurses and expatriate socialites. Many kept diaries and wrote letters home: from an English nurse who had already survived the sinking of the Titanic; to the black valet of the US Ambassador, far from his native Deep South; to suffragette leader Emmeline Pankhurst, who had come to Petrograd to inspect the indomitable Women’s Death Battalion led by Maria Bochkareva.
Helen Rappaport draws upon this rich trove of material, much of it previously unpublished, to carry us right up to the action – to see, feel and hear the Revolution as it happened to a diverse group of individuals who suddenly felt themselves trapped in a ‘red madhouse.’
LUL = Leeds University Library; LRA = Leeds Russian Archive at Leeds University Library
Bennet, Marguerite: letters written during the 1917 Revolution, LRA/MS 799/20–22.
Bosanquet, Vivian, ‘Life in a Turbulent Empire – The Experiences of Vivian and Dorothy Bosanquet in Russia 1897–1918, LRA/MS 1456/362.
Buchanan, Lady Georgina: letters from Petrograd 1916, 1917, Glenesk-Bathurst Papers, Special Collections LUL/MS Dep. 1990/1/2843–2866
Christie, Ethel Mary, ‘Experiences in Russia’, LRA/MS 800/16.
Clare, Joseph, ‘Eye Witness of the Revolution’, LRA/MS 1094/8.
Coates Family Papers, Special Collections LRA/MS 1134.
Jones, James Stinton, ‘The Czar Looked Over My Shoulder’, LRA/MS 1167.
Lindley, Francis Oswald: Petrograd diary, November 1917, LRA/MS 1372/1 and untitled memoirs from July 1915 to 1919, MS 1372/2.
Lombard, Rev. Bousfield Swan: untitled typescript memoirs, LRA/MS 1099.
Marshall, Lilla, ‘Memories of St Petersburg 1917’, LRA/MS 1113.
Metcalf, Kenneth letter 3 (16) March 1917 from Petrograd, Metcalf Collection, LRA/MS 1224/1–2.
Pearse, Mrs May, ‘Den-za-den’ diary for 1917, Edmund James Pearse Papers, LRA/MS 1231/32.
Ransome, Arthur: telegram despatches to the Daily News December 1916–December 1917, and letters from Petrograd for 1917. Arthur Ransome Archive, Special Collections, LUL/MS BC 20c/Box 13: 38–184.
Seaborn, Annie, ‘My Memories of the Russian Revolution’, LRA/MS 950.
Springfield, Colonel Osborn, ‘To Helen’, handwritten memoir of Russia, 1917–19, Special Collections LUL, Liddle Collection, RUS 44.
Thornton, Nellie, ‘An Englishwoman’s Experiences during the Russian Revolution’, Thornton Collection, LRA/MS 1072/24.
Bowerman, Elsie: letters from Petrograd 1917, Elsie Bowerman Papers, Women’s Library, GB 06 7ELB, at London School of Economics.
Bury, Sir George: ‘Report Regarding the Russian Revolution prepared at the request of the British War Cabinet, 5 April 1917’, Lord Davies of Llandinam Papers, C3/23, National Library of Wales.
Jefferson, Geoffrey: letters from Petrograd 1916–17, Geoffrey Jefferson Papers, GB 133 JEF/1/4/1–15; 2/1–5, Manchester University.
Kenney, Jessie: Russian diary, 1917, KP/JK/4/1; TS of Russian diary, KP/JK/4/1/1; ‘The Price of Liberty’ TS, KP/JK/4/1/6, Jessie Kenney Archive, University of East Anglia.
Kerby, Edith: Edith Bangham, ‘The Bubbling Brook’ [memoirs of Russia]; private archive.
Lindley, Sir Francis Oswald: report from Petrograd, FO 371/2998, The National Archives (TNA).
Locker Lampson, ‘Report on the Russian Revolution, April 1917’, FO 371/81396, TNA.
Pocock, Lyndall Crossthwaite: MS diary with photographs of service at Anglo-Russian Hospital 1915–1918, Documents.3648, Imperial War Museum.
Seymour, Dorothy: photocopy of MS diary 1914–17 and photocopy of letters from Petrograd 1917, Documents.3210, Imperial War Museum.
Armour, Norman, ‘Recollections of Norman Armour of the Russian Revolution’, TS, Box 2 Folder 32, Seeley G. Mudd Library, Princeton University Library.
Dearing, Fred Morris: unpublished MS memoirs (based on his diary), Fred Morris Dearing Papers, C2926, Historical Society of Missouri.
Fuller, John Louis Hilton, ‘The Journal of John L. H. Fuller While in Russia’, ed. Samuel A. Fuller, Indiana Historical Society, TS 1999, MO112.
—— ‘Letters and Diaries of John L. H. Fuller 1917–1920, TS edited by Samuel Ashby Fuller, Indiana Historical Society.
Northrup Harper, Samuel: Petrograd diary 1917, Box 27 Folder F; letters from Petrograd Box 4, Folders 9, 10, 11, Northrup Harper Papers, University of Chicago Library.
Patouillet, Madame [Louise]: TS diary, October 1916–August 1918, 2 vols, Madame Patouillet Collection, Hoover Institution Archives.
Robins, Raymond: letters to his wife Margaret, Wisconsin Historical Society.
—— letters to his sister Elizabeth, Falers Library NY, Box 3, Folder 19, RR and MDR to ER, 1917.
Rogers, Leighton, ‘An Account of the March Revolution, 1917’, Leighton W. Rogers Collection, Hoover Institution Archives.
—— Rogers, Leighton: 1912–82, Box 3, unpublished TS of ‘Czar, Revolution, Bolsheviks’; letters from Petrograd; Leighton W. Rogers Papers, Library of Congress.
Swinnerton, C[hester] T., ‘Letter from Petrograd, March 27(NS) 1917’, C. T. Swinnerton Collection, Hoover Institution Archives.
Urquhart May, Leslie: 1917 letter, from Petrograd Hoover Institution Archives.
Whipple, George Chandler: Petrograd diary, 7 August–11 September, vol. I: 77–167, George Chandler Whipple Papers, Harvard University Archives, HUG 1876.3035.
DISSERTATIONS & PAPERS
Gatewood, James Dewey, ‘American Observers in the Soviet Union 1917–1933’, University of Wisconsin, thesis 1968.
Ginzburg, Lyubov, ‘Confronting the Cold War Legacy: The Forgotten History of the American Colony in St Petersburg. A Case Study of Reconciliation’, University of Kansas, 2010; http://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/handle/1808/6427
Hawkins, Kenneth, ‘Through War to Revolution with Dosch-Fleurot: A Personal History of an American Newspaper Correspondent in Europe and Russia 1914–1918’, University of Rochester, NY, 1986.
Mould, Dr David H. (Ohio University), ‘The Russian Revolution: A Conspiracy Thesis and a Lost Film’, paper presented at FAST REWIND-II, Rochester, NY, 13–16 June 1991.
Orlov, Ilya, ‘Beskrovnaya revolyutsiya?’ Traur i prazdnik v revolyutsionnoi politike; http://net.abimperio.net/files/february.pdf
Vinogradov, Yuri, ‘Lazarety Petrograda’; http://www.proza.ru/2010/01/30/984
DIGITAL SOURCES
Cordasco, Ella (née Woodhouse), ‘Recollections of the Russian Revolution: https://web.archive.org/web/20120213165523/ http://www.zimdocs.btinternet.co.uk/fh/ella2.html
Cotton, Dorothy: letter 4 March 1917 from Petrograd, Library & Archives of Canada: http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/military-heritage/first-world-war/canada-nursing-sisters/Pages/dorothy-cotton.aspx
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Simpson, James Young, ‘The Great Days of the Revolution. Impressions from a recent visit to Russia, Nineteenth Century and After, 82, 1917, 136–48.
Somerville, Emily Warner, ‘A Kappa in Russia’, The Key, 35:2, 1918, 121–30.
Steffens, Lincoln, ‘What Free Russia Asks of Her Allies’, Everybody’s Magazine, 37, August 1917, 129–41.
Thomas, Albert, ‘Journal de Albert Thomas, 22 Avril–19 Juin 1917’, Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique, 14:1–2, 1973, 86–204.
Walpole, Hugh, ‘Dennis Garstin and the Russian Revolution’, Slavonic and East European Review, 17, 1938–9, 587–605.
Washburn, Stanley, ‘Russia from Within’, National Geographic Magazine, 32:2, August 1917, 91–120.
Wharton, Paul [pseudonym of Philip H. Chadbourn], ‘The Russian Ides of March: A Personal Narrative’, Atlantic Monthly, 120, July 1917, 21–30.
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SIR GEORGE BUCHANAN and his family arrived by boat at Leith in Scotland on 17 January 1918 and travelled back to London, to congratulatory messages from the British government and lunch at Buckingham Palace. But his health collapsed entirely soon afterwards and he took an extended rest in Cornwall. By now committed to the idea that only an armed Allied intervention would save Russia, he gave numerous talks on the subject and was deeply despondent when that intervention (of 1918–19) failed. Sir George was also bitterly disappointed not to be offered a peerage for his long years of service to British diplomacy, and felt humiliated by the derisory compensation offered him by the government for the loss of his property and investments in Russia. The invitation to take up the ambassadorship to Rome in 1919 for only two years seemed a clear indication that his services would no longer be required thereafter.1
On her return to England, Lady Georgina continued to work tirelessly for British and Russian refugees of the revolution, but in Rome she fell terminally ill with cancer and her suffering blighted the family’s time there. She died in April 1921, shortly after they returned to England.2 With the help of an editor, Sir George turned his Petrograd diaries into a book, My Mission to Russia and Other Diplomatic Memories, published in 1923; he died the following December. His daughter Meriel wrote several books about her time in Russia, including Petrograd, The City of Trouble in 1918 and, in 1932, Dissolution of an Empire, in which she defended her father’s reputation after he had come under unjustified attack for not doing enough to effect the evacuation of the imperial family to the safety of the UK in 1917.3
After the departure of the Buchanans, the British embassy in Petrograd was left with a skeleton staff of ‘Last-Ditchers’, headed by the consul Arthur Woodhouse, who was entrusted with the increasingly onerous responsibility for the well-being of the several hundred British subjects, mainly women, who remained in the city. Together with members of the British military mission, Woodhouse managed to get much-needed supplies of food to them as the situation got ever more desperate. But on 31 August 1918 a group of Red Guards forced their way into the embassy and, during the ensuing mêlée, naval attaché Captain Francis Cromie was killed.4 Thirty embassy staff and officials were arrested, including the chaplain, Rev. Bousfield Swan Lombard, and Consul Woodhouse. They were incarcerated in the Peter and Paul Fortress until October, when they were finally released and evacuated to England via Sweden. For some time the embassy stood empty and neglected; by 1920 it was in use as a storehouse for confiscated works of statuary, furniture and art, ‘like some congested second-hand art shop in the Brompton Road’, before they were sold off by the Bolsheviks.5
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